Microbiology – Chapter 2

1. Microbiology – Chapter 2 Biological Chemistry

2. Do Now What is an atom? What is an element? What is the name of the table that keeps track of all the elements?

3. Why do biologists study chemistry?? Chemical changes in _________ are essential to all life processes All _______ ________ are made of the same kinds of matter that make up non-living things If you learn how ________ in matter occur you will understand the _____ ___________ of organisms

4. Elements • Elements – ______ _________ that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter • Of more than 100 elements fewer than 30 are important to _______ _______ • More than ____% of the mass of living things is composed of combinations of just: • _____, ______, _____ and ______

5. Elements • ________ _________ – usually part of the element’s name or the Latin word for the element • Organized into the _______ _______ of elements • There are 118 elements, 94 are naturally occurring, the rest are synthetic (made in particle accelerators) • Elements listed by increasing atomic number • Columns – groups of elements with similar properties because of the number of electrons in their outer shell • Rows - periods

8. Atoms – basic units of matter -________ are the simplest particles of an element that retain all the ________ of that element -Atoms are so small that their true structure has not been observed -Models of the atom help us understand their structure enough to _______ how they will act in nature

9. Atoms Structure – net electrical charge of _______ a. Protons (charge +) 1 AWU b. neutron (charge 0) 1 AWU c. electrons (charge -) .008 AWU AWU – atomic weight unit _________ – central mass of an atom, contains protons and neutrons

10. Atoms • _________ – high energy particles that move about the nucleus at high speeds in one of several different energy levels - Electrons in _______ energy levels have more energy than those in ______ energy levels - Each energy level can only hold a certain _________ of electrons - 1st energy level can hold ___ electrons -2nd energy level can hold ___ electrons - In most elements, the outer energy level is not filled

11. Atom

12. Number of Protons?

13. Atom animation of an atom

14. Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom Atomic mass – the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

15. Isotopes _________ – A different form of an element which has the same number of protons and electrons, but has a different number of _________ Carbon (C): -atomic number is 6 - it has 6 protons -mass number is 12 – it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons -C14 – isotope that has 8 neutrons

16. Hydrogen Isotopes

17. Isotopes Radioisotopes – _________ element forms whose nuclei can undergo spontaneous change in which charged particles and radiant energy are released

18. Atoms Activity Complete worksheet on atoms Finish for homework if not completed in class

19. Do Now What is the positively charged particle in an atom called? What is the negatively charged particle in an atom called? What is the neutral particle in an atom called? What is an isotope?

20. Compound 1. A pure substance made up of ____ __ _____ elements combined chemically 2. The properties of compound _______ from the elements it is composed of – H2O vs. H and O 3. The _________ of each kind of element are fixed – Water always H2O 4. Elements combine and form compounds to become more ________ 5. Elements are more stable when their outer electron shells are ________

22. Bonds Chemical bonds – forces that ____ two or more atoms a. Covalent bonds – ________ of electrons (water H2O) b. Ionic bonds – __________ of electrons (sodium chloride NaCl)

24. Chemical Bond Animation

25. Molecules • A _________ is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the _________ of that substance and that can exist in a ______ state • Hydrogen gas (H2) • Water (H2O)

27. Matter Activity Complete “Composition of Matter” worksheet. Finish what you don’t complete for homework.

28. Do Now What is a compound? What is a covalent bond? What is an ionic bond?

29. 2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY STUDY OF COMPOUNDS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN THE THREE ELEMENTS ____, _____, & ____ AT THE SAME TIME. CAN CONTAIN _____ OF THOSE THREE AND ANY OF OTHER ELEMENTS

31. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY living things ________ greatly from non-living things there must be a big difference in how they are constructed they are actually constructed of the ________ materials The only difference is in how they are ___________ All biology has a __________ basis

32. 3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • STUDY OF _______ COMPOUNDS - CHEMICAL BASIS FOR LIVING CELLS • ALWAYS _____, _____, & ______ • SOMETIMES NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS • USUALLY SMALL AMOUNTS OF METALS • THERE ARE “FOUR” DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • ______________ • ______________ • ______________ • ______________

33. Carbohydrates Organic compounds of C, H and O Used as ________ _________ in cells Also found in several __________ structures such as bacterial capsules They are synthesized from water and carbon dioxide during _____________

34. Carbohydrates _____________ are the simplest carbohydrates They are the building blocks for the larger carbohydrates (_______________) Glucose, galactose and fructose are examples of isomers – they have the same chemical formula C6H12O6 But their structures and properties are different

35. A. CARBOHYDRATES

36. Glucose Represents the basic supply of ______________ in the world Half of the world’s __________ exists as glucose

37. GLUCOSE – UNIVERSAL ENERGY

38. Disaccharides • ____________ sugars – composed of _______ monosaccharides held together by covalent bonds • They are made from glucose molecules through ___________ __________– water is removed as the new bonds are formed • Examples are: • maltose – found in barley and used to ferment beer • lactose – found in milk and digested by bacteria to form yogurt, sour cream • Sucrose – table sugar and is the starting point in wine fermentation and may be a cause of tooth decay

39. DISACCHARIDE – TWO MONOSACCHARIDES

40. Polysaccharides • ____________ sugars • Large compounds formed by joining together 100’s or 1000’s of _________ molecules • ___________ – used by bacteria as an energy source • ___________ – a component of the cell walls of plants and molds and also used as an energy source by microorganisms

41. Polysaccharide

42. Polysaccharide animation

43. Polysaccharides Activity Complete polysaccharides color worksheet Finish for homework if not completed in class

44. Do Now What are the 4 classes of organic compounds? What 3 elements are carbohydrates made up of? What carbohydrate is considered a universal source of energy?

45. B. LIPIDS __________ in organic solvents, but not in water Like carbohydrates, they are composed of C, H, and O, but with much less _________ The best known lipids are ________ Fats are important ___________ energy sources for living things Fats are also components of ______ ____________

46. LIPIDS cell membrane animation

48. LIPIDS • Fats consist of a 3 carbon ________ molecule and up to 3 long-chain ________ ________ • 2 major types of fatty acids: • ___________ – contain the maximum number of H atoms • ___________ – contain less than the maximum number of H atoms • Unsaturated fatty acids are good for us – they lower the levels of __________ in the blood

49. Lipid molecules are sparingly to insoluble in water. Lipids are hydrophobic because the molecules consist of long, 18-22 carbon, hydrocarbon backbones with only a small amount of oxygen containing groups. Lipids serve many functions in organisms. They are the major components of waxes, pigments, steroid hormones, and cell membranes. Fats, steriods, and phospholipids are very important to the functioning of membranes in cells and will be the focus of this tutorial. Fats (triacylglycerols)

50. LIPIDS • Other types of lipids: • ____________ – long chains of fatty acids • Bee’s wax • Plant leaves • ____________ – contain a phosphate group • Cell membranes • ____________ – composed of several rings of carbon atoms with side chains • Cholesterol • Estrogen • Testosterone