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Chapter 4 Making Decisions

Chapter 4 Making Decisions. Namiq Sultan University of Duhok Department of Electrical and Computer Engineerin Reference: Starting Out with C++, Tony Gaddis, 2 nd Ed. 4.1 Relational Operators.

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Chapter 4 Making Decisions

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  1. Chapter 4 Making Decisions Namiq Sultan University of Duhok Department of Electrical and Computer Engineerin Reference: Starting Out with C++, Tony Gaddis, 2nd Ed. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  2. 4.1 Relational Operators • Relational operators allow you to compare numeric values and determine if one is greater than, less than, equal to, or not equal to another. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  3. Table 4-1 C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  4. Table 4-2 C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  5. The Value of a Relationship • Relational expressions are also know as a Boolean expression • Warning! The equality operator is two equal signs together == C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  6. Table 4-3 Assume x is 10 and y is 7 C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  7. Program 4-1 // This program displays the values of true and falsestates. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() {int trueValue, falseValue, x = 5, y = 10; trueValue = x < y;falseValue = y== x; cout << "True is " << trueValue << endl; cout << "False is " << falseValue << endl; } Program OutputTrue is 1False is 0 C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  8. 4.2 The if Statement • The if statement can cause other statements to execute only under certain conditions. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  9. Program 4-2 // This program averages 3 test scores #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(void) { int score1, score2, score3; float average; cout<<"Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: "; cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3; average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0; cout << "Your average is " << average << endl; if (average > 95) cout << "Congratulations! That's a high score!\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  10. Program Output with Example Input Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter] Your average is 80 Program Output with Other Example Input Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: 100 100 100 [Enter] Your average is 100 Congratulations! That's a high score! C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  11. Table 4-5 C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  12. Be Careful With Semicolons if (expression) statement; • Notice that the semicolon comes after the statement that gets executed if the expression is true; the semicolon does NOT follow the expression Expression False True Statement(s) C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  13. Program 4-3 // This program demonstrates how a misplaced semicolon // prematurely terminates an if statement. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { intx = 0, y = 10; cout << “x is " << x << " and y is " << y << endl; if (x > y);// misplaced semicolon! cout << “x is greater than y\n";// Always executed } Program Output X is 0 and Y is 10 X is greater than Y C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  14. Programming Style and the if Statement • The conditionally executed statement should appear on the line after the if statement. • The conditionally executed statement should be indented one “level” from the if statement. • Note: Each time you press the tab key, you are indenting one level. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  15. And Now Back to Truth • When a relational expression is true, it has the value 1. • When a relational expression is false it has the value 0. • An expression that has the value 0 is considered false by the if statement. • An expression that has any value other than 0 is considered true by the if statement. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  16. Consider the following statement: if (x = 2) // caution here!!!! cout << “It is True!”; • This statement does not determine if x is equal to 2, it assigns x the value 2, therefore, this expression will always be true because the value of the expression is 2, a non-zero value C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  17. Program 4-5 // This program averages 3 test scores. The if statement uses // the = operator, but the == operator was intended. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { intscore1, score2, score3; floataverage; cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them:"; cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3; average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0; cout << "Your average is " << average << endl; if (average = 100)// Wrong cout << "Congratulations! That's a high score!\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  18. Program Output with Example Input Enter your 3 test scores and I will average them: 80 90 70[Enter] Your average is 80 Congratulations! That’s a perfect score! C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  19. 4.3 Flags • A flag is a variable, usually a boolean or an integer, that signals when a condition exists. • If your compiler does not support the bool data type, use int instead. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  20. Program 4-6 // This program averages 3 test scores. It uses the variable highScore as a flag. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) { int score1, score2, score3; float average; bool highScore = false; cout << "Enter your 3 test scores and I will average them: "; cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3; average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0; if (average > 95) highScore = true; // Set the flag variable cout << "Your average is " << average << endl; if (highScore) cout << "Congratulations! That's a high score!\n";\ } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  21. Program 4-6 Program Output with Example Input Enter your 3 test scores and I will average them: 100 100 100 [Enter] Your average is 100.0 Congratulations! That's a high score! C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  22. 4.4 Expanding the if Statement • The if statement can conditionally execute a block of statement enclosed in braces. if (expression) { statement; statement; // Place as many statements here as necessary. } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  23. Program 4-7 // This program averages 3 test scores. // It uses the variable highScore as a flag. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(void) { int score1, score2, score3; float average; bool highScore = false; cout << "Enter 3 test scores and I will average them: "; cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3; average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0; if (average > 95) highScore = true; // Set the flag variable C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  24. cout << "Your average is " << average << endl; if (highScore) { cout << "Congratulations!\n"; cout << "That's a high score.\n"; cout << "You deserve a pat on the back!\n"; } } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  25. Program Output with Example Input Enter your 3 test scores and I will average them: 100 100 100 [Enter] Your average is 100.0 Congratulations! That's a high score. You deserve a pat on the back! Program Output with Different Example Input Enter your 3 test scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter] Your average is 80.0 C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  26. Don’t Forget the Braces! • If you intend to execute a block of statements with an if statement, don’t forget the braces. • Without the braces, the if statement only executes the very next statement. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  27. 4.5 The if/else Statement • The if/else statement will execute one group of statements if the expression is true, or another group of statements if the expression is false. if (expression) statement or block of statements; else statement or block of statements; False True expression Statement(s) Statement(s) C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  28. Program 4-9 // This program uses the modulus operator to determine // if a number is odd or even. If the number is evenly divided // by 2, it is an even number. A remainder indicates it isodd. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { intnumber; cout << "Enter an integer and I will tell you if it\n"; cout << "is odd or even. "; cin >> number; if (number % 2 == 0) cout << number << " is even.\n"; else cout << number << " is odd.\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  29. Program Output with Example Input Enter an integer and I will tell you if it is odd or even. 17 [Enter] 17 is odd. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  30. Program 4-10 // This program asks the user for two numbers, num1 andnum2. // num1 is divided by num2 and the result is displayed. // Before the division operation, however, num2 is tested // for the value 0. If it contains 0, the division does nottake place. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { floatnum1, num2, quotient; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> num1; cout << "Enter another number: "; cin >> num2; C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  31. if (num2 == 0) { cout << "Division by zero is not possible.\n"; cout << "Please run the program again and enter\n"; cout << "a number besides zero.\n"; } else { quotient = num1 / num2; cout << "The quotient of " << num1 << " divided by "; cout << num2 << " is " << quotient << ".\n"; } } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  32. Program Output (When the user enters 0 for num2) Enter a number: 10 [Enter] Enter another number: 0 [Enter] Division by zero is not possible. Please run the program again and enter a number besides zero. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  33. 4.6 The if/else if Construct • The if/else if statement is a chain of if statements. They perform their tests, one after the other, until one of them is found to be true. if (expression) statement or block of statements; elseif (expression) statement or block of statements; // // put as many else it’s as needed here // elseif (expression) statement or block of statements; C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  34. Program 4-11 // This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a // letter grade (A,B,C,D,or F) to a numeric test score. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int testScore; char grade; cout << "Enter your numeric test score and I will\n"; cout << "tell you the letter grade you earned: "; cin >> testScore; C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  35. if (testScore < 60) grade = 'F'; elseif (testScore < 70) grade = 'D'; else if (testScore < 80) grade = 'C'; else if (testScore < 90) grade = 'B'; else if (testScore <= 100) grade = 'A'; cout << "Your grade is " << grade << ".\n"; } T exprn Statement(s) F T exprn Statement(s) F T exprn Statement(s) F T exprn Statement(s) F Statement(s) C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  36. Program Output with Example Input Enter your test score and I will tell you the letter grade you earned: 88 [Enter] Your grade is B. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  37. Program 4-12 // This program uses independent if/else statements to assign a // letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F) to a numeric test score. // Do you think it will work? #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int testScore; char grade; cout << "Enter your test score and I will tell you\n"; cout << "the letter grade you earned: "; cin >> testScore; C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  38. if (testScore < 60) grade = 'F'; if (testScore < 70) grade = 'D'; if (testScore < 80) grade = 'C'; if (testScore < 90) grade = 'B'; if (testScore <= 100) grade = 'A'; cout << "Your grade is " << grade << ".\n"; } T exprn Statement(s) F T exprn Statement(s) F T exprn Statement(s) F T exprn Statement(s) F Statement(s) C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  39. Program Output with Example Input Enter your test score and I will tell you the letter grade you earned: 40 [Enter] Your grade is A. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  40. Program 4-13 //This program uses an if/else if statement to //assign a letter grade ( A, B, C, D, or F ) //to a numeric test score. #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int testScore; cout << "Enter your test score and I will tell you\n"; cout << "the letter grade you earned: "; cin >> testScore; if (testScore < 60) { cout << "Your grade is F.\n"; cout << "This is a failing grade. Better see your "; cout << "instructor.\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  41. else if (testScore < 70) { cout << "Your grade is D.\n"; cout << "This is below average. You should get "; cout << "tutoring.\n"; } else if (testScore < 80) { cout << "Your grade is C.\n"; cout << "This is average.\n"; } else if(testScore < 90) { cout << "Your grade is B.\n"; cout << "This is an above average grade.\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  42. else if (testScore <= 100) • { • cout << "Your grade is A.\n"; • cout << "This is a superior grade. Good work!\n"; • } • } Program Output with Example Input Enter your test score and I will tell you the letter grade you earned: 94 [Enter] Your grade is A. This is a superior grade. Good work! C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  43. 4.7 Using a Trailing else • A trailing else, placed at the end of an if/else if statement, provides default action when none of the if’s have true expressions C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  44. Program 4-14 // This program uses an if/else if statement to assign a // letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F) to a numeric test score. // A trailing else has been added to catch test scores > 100. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int testScore; cout << "Enter your test score and I will tell you\n"; cout << "the letter grade you earned: "; cin >> testScore; C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  45. if (testScore < 60) { cout << "Your grade is F.\n"; cout << "This is a failing grade. Better see your "; cout << "instructor.\n"; } else if (testScore < 70) { cout << "Your grade is D.\n"; cout << "This is below average. You should get "; cout << "tutoring.\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  46. else if (testScore < 80) { cout << "Your grade is C.\n"; cout << "This is average.\n"; } else if (testScore < 90) { cout << "Your grade is B.\n"; cout << "This is an above average grade.\n"; } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  47. else if (testScore <= 100) { cout << "Your grade is A.\n"; cout << "This is a superior grade. Good work!\n"; } else// Default action { cout << testScore << " is an invalid score.\n"; cout << "Please enter scores no greater than 100.\n"; } } C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  48. Program Output with Example Input Enter your test score and I will tell you the letter grade you earned: 104 [Enter] 104 is an invalid score. Please enter scores no greater than 100. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  49. 4.9 Nested if Statements • A nested if statement is an if statement in the conditionally-executed code of another if statement. C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

  50. Program 4-16 // This program demonstrates the nested if statement. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char employed, recentGrad; cout << "Answer the following questions\n"; cout << "with either Y for Yes or "; cout << "N for No.\n"; cout << "Are you employed? "; cin >> employed; cout << "Have you graduated from college "; cout << "in the past two years? "; cin >> recentGrad; C++ Programming, Namiq Sultan

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