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The Human Body

The Human Body. Chapter 1. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy: The study of body structures and their relationships Static within a species Physiology: The study of the functions of body structures Dynamic within a species. Subdivision Examples. Anatomy. Physiology.

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The Human Body

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  1. The Human Body Chapter 1

  2. Human Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: The study of body structures and their relationships • Static within a species • Physiology: The study of the functions of body structures • Dynamic within a species

  3. Subdivision Examples Anatomy Physiology Neurophysiology Pathophysiology Cardiovascular physiology Renal Physiology Others • Gross anatomy • Regional • Systemic • Surface • Microscopic anatomy • Cytology • Histology • Embryology • Developmental anatomy • Others

  4. Life is an Emergent Property • Atoms • Molecules • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems • Listed in fig 1.3 • Organismal level

  5. Organ Systems

  6. Life’s Essentials • Maintain boundaries • Move • Respond to environment • Digestion • Excretion • Metabolism • Reproduce • Grow

  7. Survival Essentials • Nutrients • Fuel for the cells • Building materials • Oxygen • Release energy from nutrients • Water • Facilitates reactions and excretions/secretions • Normal body temperature • Regulate metabolic reactions • Atmospheric pressure • Corresponds with gas exchange w/i cells • Adequate amounts, not just presence maintains a healthy state

  8. Homeostasis • Dynamic state of equilibrium • 3 components • Receptor (afferent) • Control center (set point) • Effector (efferent) • Imbalance causes illness & disease • Increase with age • Disruptions in feedback

  9. Feedback • Negative • Most homeostatic mechanisms • Turn off or slow original stimuli • Stabilizes • Body temperature, heart and breathing rate, & blood glucose • Positive • Increases the original stimuli • Oxytocin (labor) and blood clotting

  10. Anatomical Language

  11. Anatomical Position • Standing tall with upper limbs at sides and face, palms and toes forward • Reference position when describing body part locations • Left and right is specimen’s • Variations for bipeds and quadrupeds

  12. Anatomical Regions to Know

  13. Anatomical Directions to Know • Superior/ inferior • Cranial/caudal • Ventral/ dorsal • Anterior/ posterior • Medial/ lateral • Intermediate/ proximal/ distal • Superficial/ deep • External/ internal • Supine/ prone • Ipsilateral/ contralateral Study tip: pick two structures on self and describe as many ways as possible

  14. Body Planes are Like Breads • Sagittal section: divides the body longitudinally into left and right • Midsagittal: equal parts • Parasagittal: off midline • e.g.: hotdog bun • Frontal (coronal) section: divides anterior and posterior • e.g.: loaf of bread • Transverse (cross) section: divides superior and inferior • e.g.: hamburger bun or bagel • Oblique section: diagonal cuts

  15. Body Cavities • Dorsal • Cranial: brain • Vertebral: spinal cord • Ventral • Thoracic • Left & right pleura • Mediastinum (pericardial) • Abdominopelvic • No real separation • Protection differences • Diaphragm divides

  16. Serous Membranes • Double-layer membrane separated by serous fluid • Reduces friction; lubricates • Line walls and organs of ventral body cavities • Parietal serosa lines walls • Visceral serosa lines organs (viscera) • Named for associated organs • Never exposed to external environment

  17. Other Body Cavities • Open to environment (generally)

  18. Abdominopelvic Subdivisions • Epigastric • Umbilical • Hypogastric • Hypochondriac • Lumbar • Inguinal Regions (9) Quadrants (4) Clinicians use; references to describe pain, tenderness, and injuries • Anatomists use; references location and orientation of internal organs

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