Solar Photovoltaic with Energy Storage

1. Solar Photovoltaic with Energy Storage Liang Meng

3. Increasing installed capacity of PV

4. Grid-connected vs. off-grid

5. Grid-connected PV with battery Inverter Battery Charge controller-to regulate the voltage entering batteries to avoid overcharging the batteries

6. Install a roof-PV? • Factors to be considered • Enough solar resource • Environmental benefits (reduce dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions) • living in the mountain area (off-grid PV) • No electricity bill for 10-20 years • Price of the electricity from PV vs. from grid • A large investment at the beginning • Price of the solar cells, inverter, battery, net meter, other installation fees, etc. • Tax incentives • The trend of these two • Life time of the PV device • Battery? • Maintenance • Safety • Impact to the grid • Problems (intermittent and unreliable)

7. PV subsystem - Solar cells/Photovoltaics Thin film cell, CIGS Transparent conductive oxide Crystalline silicon- based

8. Solar cell efficieny

9. PV/Battery • Storing energy when the sun is not shining. • Car batteries are not suitable as they can not handle the deep discharges Being developed Costly, difficult to measure the depth of discharge Mainly used now. Deep cycle. Medium energy density, 5-7 years.

11. Operation of the electric grid Peakload/ Regulation online and “spinning” reserves

12. Storage is useful but not a required component of the existing grid

13. Renewable energy’s impact on the grid

14. Wind/Solar energy needs to be smoothened and peak shifted

15. Potentially curtailed PV PV Coincidence With Load - Summer PV Coincidence With Load - Spring 2000 Normal Min Load California: 16 GW simulated PV system providing 11% of system’s energy

18. Short-term Devices (30 min or less) • Devices that can provide frequency regulation and spinning reserve • Flywheels, batteries & capacitors Beacon Flywheel for Frequency Regulation

19. Distributed Storage (<10 MW or so) • Provide both capacity and energy services • Local T&D appears to be a primary application • Primarily batteries • Flow batteries • NaS • Other battery chemistries?

20. (Courtesy of TVA) Bulk Energy Storage Limited growth opportunities for PHS Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

23. References • “2008 SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT, U.S. Department of Energy”, 2010 • “The Materials Science of Semiconductors”, Angus Rockett, Springer Science, New York, NY, 2008 • “Advanced PV Energy Storage System with Lithium-Ion Batteries”, Saft, EUROSOLAR Conference, 31st October 2006 • “The Role of Energy Storage in the Modern Low-Carbon Grid”, Paul Denholm, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 12, 2008 • “Adding value to the future electricity grid: The Role of Energy Storage”, Eurobat, EPIA Industry Forum, 2009 • “The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation”, Technical report, NREL/TP-6A2-47187, January 2010 • “Storage Devices in PV System: Latest Developments, Technology and Integration Problems”, John M. Hawkins, Solar Photovoltaic Energy Workshop, 1998

24. Steps for sizing the battery bank: • Divide the “Daily Energy Use” (derived from using the Chart on page 6) by the voltage of the battery (typically 12 volts). The result is amp-hours which is the common manner of measuring battery capacity. For example, if the “Daily Energy Use” is 2,000 (watt-hours), divide 2,000 by 12 to get 167 (amp-hours). • Multiply the daily amp-hours by the number of days that you want to have power in storage in case the sun is not shining adequately. Three to five days is recommended. For this example, we will choose four days. Multiply 167 amp-hours per day times 4 days to get 668 amp-hours. • Batteries should not be discharged excessively. A deep cycle lead-acid battery (the main battery option) will last longest if it is discharged only 50%. By dividing the total amp-hours from Step 2 (668) by .50, the optimal battery capacity is determined; 668/.50 = 1336 amp-hours at 12 volts.