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problem solving as overview. problems & difficulties. symptoms. therapeutic responses. symptoms. therapeutic alliance. biological factors. outer change. inner change. therapeutic responses. therapeutic alliance. biochemistry & outer change. biological factors. outer change.
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problem solving as overview problems & difficulties symptoms therapeutic responses
symptoms therapeutic alliance biological factors outer change inner change therapeutic responses
therapeutic alliance biochemistry & outer change biological factors outer change inner change general activation: exercise, interests & relationships medication, herbs, supplements, food, light, sleep, etc targeted activation: responses to trigger factors & desensitisation
therapeutic alliance inner change biological factors outer change inner change • challenge current beliefs: education/normalisation and behavioural experiments to change viewpoint • inner focus: calming skills, mindfulness, internal desensitisation, attention training and imagery • emotional processing: simple & complex
key points of this handout • trauma memories are very common in depression and anxiety as well as in ptsd • elicit these memories and ‘images’ gently and carefully • disorder onset, severity and persistence seem contributed to by memories and ‘images’ • lessons from ptsd treatment may well improve treatment of depression and anxiety
involuntary memories are normal • involuntary memories of personal life events are reported at least 5 or 6 times daily by “normals” • typically these memories are cued by identifiable aspects of one’s current situation • memories often take their emotional tone from one’s current mood - typically happiness or sadness - and then reinforce this mood • memories are often of recent or of unusual events • intrusive thoughts are even more common and when negative tend to be characterised by fear Berntsen D Involuntary autobiographical memories Appl Cog Psychol 1996;10:435-54 Brewin CR et al Intrusive thoughts and intrusive memories in a nonclinical sample Cognition & Emotion 1996;10:107-12