Why are effects of diet more profound and immediate in infants compared with adults?

1. Why are effects of diet more profound and immediate in infants compared with adults? • Infants’ energy sources and mineral reserves are smaller. • Infants have less body water, making fluid shifts more profound. • Infants have a much higher bicarbonate content in their ECF. • None of the above are correct.

2. What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia? • hyperparathyroidism • excessive consumption of vitamin D supplements • chronic renal failure • alcoholism

3. How does a prolonged fast affect the body’s pH? • a. pH increases after a fast • b. pH decreases after a fast • c. no effect on pH • d. impossible to predict

4. What effect does a decrease in the pH of body fluids have on respiratory rate? • a. The respiratory rate increases. • b. The respiratory rate decreases. • c. The rate of respiration remains the same, but depth of respiration increases. • d. It is impossible to predict.

5. Wayne’s cardiac muscle cells have been releasing ANP in response to overstretching of his heart walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP? • a. ANP release could cause a heart attack. • b. ANP blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone. • c. Water is conserved at the kidneys. • d. Blood volume and blood pressure increase.

6. Which of the following are the primary ions present in ECF? • a. Na+, Cl–, and HCO3– • b. Na+, K+, Mg2+, and SO42– • c. Na+, K+, and HPO42– • d. none of the above

7. Which of the following is NOTone of the processes essential to stabilizing body fluid volumes, solute concentration, or pH of the ECF? • a. fluid balance • b. acid–base balance • c. hormone balance • d. electrolyte balance

8. If the osmotic concentration of ECF increases, which of the following happens? • ICF volume increases. • Metabolic generation of water decreases. • ECF becomes hypotonic to ICF. • Water moves from cells into ECF.

9. Why do homeostatic mechanisms that adjust composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, rather that ICF? • a. The receptors monitoring electrolytes are only found in ECF. • b. A change in one ECF component rapidly affects all body cells. • c. ECF is contained within cells, which are physically and chemically isolated. • d. Both A and C are correct.

10. Mr. Proctor has high blood pressure. As his physician, why do you counsel him to limit his intake of sodium? • Sodium causes ICF volume to increase and increased ADH secretion. • Sodium causes an increase in fat storage and increased ECF osmolarity. • Sodium causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure, and decreased ADH secretion. • Sodium causes loss of other electrolytes and decreased blood volume.

11. What situation would contribute to an acute episode of respiratory acidosis? a. a drowning accident b. the development of a lung tumor c. cigarette smoking d. chronic pulmonary obstruction disorder

12. Which of the following is true concerning metabolic generation of water? a. Breaking down 1 g of lipid generates more water than breaking down 1 g of carbohydrate. b. Metabolic generation of water is the result of overhydration. c. Metabolic generation of water generates about 1200 mL per day. d. Metabolic generation of water occurs when you lose water, but not electrolytes.

13. What is a possible reason for the development of metabolic acidosis? • strenuous exercise due to lactic acid accumulation • choking on food • diabetics who are noncompliant with their insulin • both A and C

14. What effect would drinking salt water have on the intracellular concentration? • The intracellular solute concentration would rise. • The intracellular solute concentration would decline. • no effect on water concentration in the cell • impossible to predict because of previous hydration level

15. What effect does drinking a pitcher of distilled water have on ADH secretion? • Secretion of ADH increases. • Secretion of ADH decreases. • Increased ADH secretion prompts secretion of renin in the kidney. • It is impossible to predict.

16. Although disturbances in _____ balance are more common, a disturbance in _____ balance is much more dangerous because of the effect on cardiac function. • a. sodium; potassium • b. potassium; sodium • c. calcium; sodium • d. potassium; magnesium

17. Which hormone affecting electrolyte balance is responsible for determining the rate of Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT? • a. the natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) • b. ADH • c. aldosterone • d. all of the above

18. Which of the following is the major buffer system of the ECF? a. phosphate buffer system b. potassium buffer system c. carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system d. protein buffer system

19. Which of the following is (are) true of the hemoglobin buffer system? a. It is the only intracellular buffer system that has an immediate effect on the pH of ECF. b. It helps prevent drastic changes in pH when plasma PCO2 is rising or falling. c. It prevents changes in pH caused by organic acids and fixed acids in the ECF. d. Both A and B are correct.

20. Why does the tubular fluid in nephrons need to be buffered? • Buffers allow for tubular modification of fluids. • Lacking buffers, the kidneys would secrete too much acid. • Buffers prevent increasing respiratory rate. • Buffers keep the pH high enough for H+ ion secretion to continue.

21. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid? a. Weak acids dissociate completely in solution. b. Weak acids have more profound effect on the pH of a solution. c. Strong acids dissociate completely in solution. d. Both A and B are correct.

22. What is the effect of acidosis on the circulatory system? • a. cardiac arrhythmias • b. peripheral vasoconstriction and rise in BP • c. peripheral vasodilation and drop in BP • d. cardiomyopathy

23. Hyperventilation produces which of the following effects? • a. respiratory alkalosis • b. respiratory acidosis • c. metabolic alkalosis • d. metabolic acidosis

24. What change in an elderly person’s body contributes to poor acid–base balance? a. reduction in ability to concentrate urine b. reduction in total body water content c. reduction in GFR and reduction in number of functional nephrons d. reduction in ADH and aldosterone sensitivity

25. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis, while prolonged diarrhea produces metabolic acidosis? a. Diarrhea causes loss of HCO3– in the ECF, while vomiting causes increase of HCO3– in the ECF. b. Diarrhea causes H+ ions to be replenished from bloodstream, while vomiting generates HCl. c. Both A and B are correct. d. None of the above is correct.

26. During an asthma attack, Kristen’s bronchioles constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which of the following scenarios will result? • increased breathing rate, increased plasma pH, and metabolic acidosis • decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH, and hypocapnia • decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH, and respiratory alkalosis • increased breathing rate, decreased plasma pH, and hypercapnia