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Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

Component Industry Trends. Driven by New End-User Equipment. Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module. 2. 3. 1. 4. 6. 5. 9. 8. 7. #. 0. *. VHS. Agenda. Impedance Measurement Basics Measurement Discrepancies Measurement Techniques Error Compensation.

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Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

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  1. Component Industry Trends Driven by New End-User Equipment Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module 2 3 1 4 6 5 9 8 7 # 0 * VHS

  2. Agenda • Impedance Measurement Basics • Measurement Discrepancies • Measurement Techniques • Error Compensation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

  3. Impedance is the total opposition a device or circuit offers to the flow of a periodic current Impedance Definition AC test signal (amplitude and frequency) Includes real and imaginary elements G R X B Z = R + j X Z = R + j B

  4. Impedance Measurement Plane +j Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module D U T |Z| Inductive - O Resistive Imaginary Axis Real Axis O - Z = R + jX = |Z| 2 Capacitive 2 |Z| = R + X X ) ( - O = ARCTAN R -j

  5. Admittance Measurement Plane Y=1/Z +j Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module D U T |Y| Capacitive - O Conductive Imaginary Axis Real Axis O Y = G + jB = |Y| - Inductive 2 2 |Y| = G + B B ) ( - O = ARCTAN G -j

  6. Agenda • Impedance Measurement Basics • Measurement Discrepancies • Measurement Techniques • Error Compensation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

  7. Which Value is Correct? ? Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Q : 165 Z Analyzer Q : 165 Q = 120 LCR meter Q : 120 D U T ? L : 5.310 uH L : 5.231 uH LCR meter LCR meter 5.231 uH 5.310 uH D U T

  8. Component Dependency Factors Measurement Discrepancy Reasons True, Effective, and Indicated Values Measurement Errors Circuit Mode (Translation Equations)

  9. Measurement Discrepancy Reasons Component Dependency Factors Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Test signal frequency Test signal level DC bias, voltage and current Environment (temperature, humidity, etc.)

  10. Component Parasitics Complicate the Measurements Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

  11. Real World Capacitor Model Includes Parasitics Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

  12. Quality and Dissipation Factors Different from the Q associated Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module with resonators and filters Energy stored X s = Q = Energy lost R s The better the component, then 0 R Q O O 1 D = , mainly used for capacitors Q

  13. Capacitor Reactance vs. Frequency Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Capacitor Model |X| 1 X = C wC = wL X L Frequency

  14. Example Capacitor Resonance Impedance vs. Frequency MKR 6 320 000.000 Hz 0 B: A: |Z| Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module MAG 47.2113 m A MAX 50.00 PHASE 659.015 mdeg B MAX 100.0 deg m A MIN 20.00 START 1 000 000.000 Hz STOP 15 000 000.000 Hz B MIN -100.0 deg

  15. C Variations with Test Signal Level C vs DC Voltage Bias C vs AC Test Signal Level Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module SMD Capacitors, Various dielectric constants K Type I and II SMD Capacitors High K C / % C Mid K 2 Type I 0 NPO (low K) -2 Low K -4 -6 -8 -10 Type II -20 X7R (high K) 0 50 100 Vdc Vac

  16. C vs. Temperature Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Type I and II SMD Capacitors C / % 15 10 5 Type I 0 NPO (low K) -5 -10 -15 Type II -20 X7R (high K) -60 -20 140 60 20 100 T / C

  17. L vs. DC Current Bias Level Power Inductors Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module L / % 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -20 0 50 100 Idc

  18. Environment ( temperature, humidity, etc.) Test signal frequency Component Dependency Factors Test signal level DC bias, voltage and current Component's current state Aging

  19. Which Value Do We Measure? Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module TRUE EFFECTIVE INDICATED % +/- Real world device Instrument Test fixture

  20. Measurement Set-Up Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Port Test DUT Extension Instrument Fixture x R + jX x

  21. Sources of Measurement Errors Measurement technique inaccuracies Port Extension complex residuals Fixture residuals RFI and other noise DUT stray and lead parasitics

  22. Sources of Measurement Errors Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Technique Complex Inaccuracies Residuals Noise Residuals Parasitics Port Test DUT Extension Instrument Fixture x x R + jX

  23. Actions for Limiting Measurement Errors Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Guarding Port Test DUT Extension Instrument Fixture x R + jX x LOAD Calibration Compensation Compensation EShielding

  24. x,y 1 + Z = Z o 1 - C R s s D U T ? R p C p What Do Instruments... Measure ? Calculate ? Approximate ? Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Reflection Coefficient Method I-V Method I, V Measured Direct V Z = Calculations I Model based Ls , Lp, Cs, Cp, Rs or ESR, Rp, D, Q Approximations

  25. Circuit Mode Requires Simplified Models Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Complete Capacitor Model Rs,Ls,Rp,Cp ? TOO COMPLEX No L Capacitor Model

  26. Circuit Mode Rs vs Rp , who wins ? Rp No L Capacitor Model Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Rs C Series model Parallel model Rp Cs Rs Cp Large C Small C Small L Large L SMD

  27. Which Model is Correct ? Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module R Both are correct p 2 R s C = C (1 + D ) C s s p C p One is a better approximation For high Q or low D components, C C p s

  28. Agenda • Impedance Measurement Basics • Measurement Discrepancies • Measurement Techniques • Error Compensation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module

  29. Measurement Techniques Auto Balancing Bridge Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Resonant (Q-adapter / Q-Meter) I-V (Probe) RF I-V Network Analysis (Reflection Coefficient) TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry)

  30. Measurement Technique Topics Technique Selection Criteria Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Theory of Operation Advantages and Disadvantages of each technique Expanded connection information and theory for auto balancing bridge (r4 terminal pair) instruments Error Compensation to minimize measurement error

  31. Measurement Technique Selection Criteria Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Frequency DUT Impedance Required measurement accuracy Electrical test conditions Measurement parameters Physical characteristics of the DUT

  32. Frequency vs. Measurement Techniques Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Network Analysis 100KHz RF I-V 1 MHz 1.8 GHz I-V 10KHz 110MHz Resonant 22KHz 30MHz 70MHz Auto Balancing Bridge 5HZ 40MHz 10K 100K 10M 100M 1G 1 10 100 1K 1M 10G Frequency (Hz)

  33. Z and C vs. Frequency 100fF 100pF 10pF 10fF 10nF 1pF 1nF 1fF 10M Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module 100nF 1M 1uF 100K 10uF 10K 100uF Impedance (Ohms) 1K 1mF 160 100 10mF 10 100mF 1 100m 1M 1 10 100 1K 1G 10K 100K 100M 10M Frequency (Hz)

  34. Reactance Chart 100mH 100KH 100fF 10mH 10pF 10nF 10H 1KH 1nF 1fF 1mH 10M Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module 100nF 100uH 1M 1uF 10uH 100K 10uF 1uH 10K 100uF 100nH Impedance (Ohms) 1K 1mF 10nH 100 10mF 1nH 10 100mF 100pH 1 100m 1M 1 10 100 1K 1G 10K 100K 100M 10M Frequency (Hz)

  35. 100M 10M 1M 100K 10K 1K Impedance 100 (Ohms) 10 1 100m 10m 1m Solution by Frequency Comparison Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Auto Balancing Bridge RF I-V I-V (Probe) Network Analysis Hz 1K 1M 10 100 10K 100K 1G 10M 100M 10G Frequency

  36. Which is the Best ? All are good Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Each has advantages and disadvantages Multiple techniques may be required

  37. Auto Balancing Bridge Theory of Operation Virtual ground Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module R H 2 L DUT I I 2 I = I V 2 1 - + V = I R V 2 2 2 2 V R V 1 2 1 = Z = I V 2 2

  38. Most accurate, basic accuracy 0.05% Widest measurement range C,L,D,Q,R,X,G,B,Z,Y,O,... Widest range of electrical test conditions Simple-to-use Low frequency, f < 40MHz Advantages and Disadvantages Auto Balancing Bridge

  39. X l Q = R Performing High Q / Low D Measurement is Difficult Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module +jX Impedance of very high Q device X1 R1 R Very small R, difficult to measure -jX

  40. e Z R V V D X = = (at resonance) C I e |V| |X | D e R R D D Resonance (Q - Meter) Technique Theory of Operation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Tune C so the circuit resonates At resonance X = -X , only R remains D C D DUT L (X ), R D D Tuning C (X c) ~ e V I= V OSC |X | C Q = = =

  41. limited compensation No compensation Advantages and Disadvantages Very good for high Q - low D measurements Resonant Method Requires reference coil for capacitors Limited L,C values accuracy Vector Scalar 75kHz - 30MHz 22kHz - 70MHz automatic and fast manual and slow easy to use requires experienced user

  42. I - V Probe Technique Theory of Operation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module R V 2 2 V = I R 2 2 2 V 1 V R V 2 I 1 1 = Z = 2 I V DUT 2 2

  43. Grounded and in-circuit measurements Simple-to-use Advantages and Disadvantages I-V (Probe) Medium frequency, 10kHz < f < 110MHz Moderate accuracy and measurement range

  44. RF I-V Theory of Operation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module Low Impedance Test Head High Impedance Test Head Current Current Voltage Detection Voltage Detection Vi Detection Vi Detection Ro Ro Vv Ro Vv Ro DUT DUT

  45. Advantages and Disadvantages RF I-V High frequency, 1MHz < f < 1.8GHz Most accurate method at > 100 MHz Grounded device measurement

  46. Network Analysis (Reflection) Technique Theory of Operation Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module V INC DUT V R V Z - Z O L R = = V Z + Z L INC O

  47. Advantages and Disadvantages Network Analysis High frequency - Suitable, f > 100 kHz - Best, f > 1.8 GHz Moderate accuracy Limited impedance measurement range (DUT should be around 50 ohms)

  48. Series R & L Parallel R & C V Z - Z O L R = = V Z + Z INC O L t 0 H TDR Theory of Operation Oscilloscope Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module DUT V V R INC Z L Step Generator

  49. Advantages and Disadvantages TDNA (TDR) Reflection and transmission measurements Single and multiple discontinuities or impedance mismatches ("Inside" look at devices) DUT impedance should be around 50 ohms Not accurate for m or M DUTs or with multiple reflections Good for test fixture design, transmission lines, high frequency evaluations

  50. I-V, in-circuit and grounded measurements, medium frequency, 10KHz < f < 110MHz Network analysis, high frequency, f > 1.8 GHz Resonant, high Q and low D TDNA, discontinuities and distributed characteristics Simple Selection Rules Summary Auto balancing bridge, Kobe Instrument Division Back to Basics - LCRZ Module low frequency, f < 40MHz RF I-V, high frequency impedance measurement, 1MHz < f < 1.8GHz

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