Atmosphere 0.002%

1. E+C Ocean 97.2% 5 S 6 Ice caps & glaciers 2% P Atmosphere 0.002% 3 biosphere Et I Rivers, lakes 0.6% 2 4 Underground-lithosphere

2. hot and wet climate + Amount of interception + + Types of vegetation: trees rather than grass, wide canopy, rough stem surface, large leaf surface etc Dense vegetation coverage

3. Small amount of vegetation / interception Wet climate : more water for infiltration + + + infiltration Gentle gradient + + Porous/ pervious/ permeable rock Large / coarse grained soil

4. Hot and wet climate increase the rate of evaporation and amount of vegetation Nature of surface e.g. ocean, vegetated surface + + evapotranspiration + + Dense vegetation Mature trees > scrubs

5. tributaries Watershed/ water divide follows the crests of hills, ridges, spurs in the surrounding Main stream

7. The river may be of permanent flow. River is moving waterwithin a definite channel. A channel is a trough likedepression at the bottom of the valley The river may be of temporary flow.

8. Less vegetation cover in the area Geology of the area: impervious / impermeable Seasonal variation /changes of rainfall e.g. rainy season + + + + Amount of water in channel increases Hot and wet climate Steepgradient & the water stays short timeon ground, lesspercolation is found. + + + Source of river is a permanent one; there isthe melting of ice in spring; river capture Human activities : clearing vegetation; oversteepening of slope, building of reservoirs etc

9. River drainage system can be seen as an open system in which there is the flow of energy and matterinto andout of the system or there is the exchange of energy andmatterbetween the river system with the outside world. River drainage system is composed of different parts e.g. inputs processes outputs

10. Inputs : a)Liquid form : b)Energy form : c)Solid form : Eroded rock fragmentfrom upper course of river Rain water Solar energy Melt water Heat energy Weathered materials Spring water Mass wasting materials from nearby slopes Waste water Minerals dissolved from the surrounding Waste material

11. Inputs get into the river system through different processes Through the process of precipitation, throughflow, base flow Liquid form Direct dumping Energy form Radiation River erosion from the upper course Solid form Weathering and mass movement Direct dumping dissolving

12. In the river system the work of river includes : 1.erosion 2.transportation 3.deposition

13. The river connects itself with the outside world through different outputs : 1. Gaseous /vapour form to the atmosphere 2. Liquid infiltrates into the bedrock and mineralsdissolved and flow into the sea; divertion by man for irrigation, industrial anddomestic use, absorption by plants 3. Solid soil is deposited at the lower course, river mouth

14. The outputs of river are sent out through different processes : 4. deposition 1. evaporation 2. Infiltration 3.Overland flow 5. evapotranspiration

15. There are two types of runoff/ overland flow : 2. Channel flow in which water concentrates in a distinct depression. 1. Sheet flow

16. a)Rainfall from the sky esp. in the humid equatorialregion e.g. Congo River b) Melting snow in high latitude or high altitude areas e.g. River Rhone Sources of river : c) Spring fed river e.g. River Thames d) Water from lakes e.g. River Nile