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Anatomy & Physiology: Understanding the Human Body

An overview of anatomy and physiology, including the levels of organization, body systems, and the importance of maintaining homeostasis. Learn how the body works and how its different parts function together.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Understanding the Human Body

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  1. Chapter 1 Objectives The Human Body: An Orientation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• A. D. Anatomy & Physiology Overview C. F. B. Maintaining Life E. Levels of Organization Language of Anatomy Body Systems Homeostasis

  2. A. An Overview of Anatomy & Physiology • 2. PHYSIOLOGY study of how the body and its parts work or function • 1. ANATOMY study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

  3. Anatomy and Physiology are closely intertwined, knowing the structure and shape allows one to understand how the body works

  4. 3. Levels of Study • a. Gross Anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable 1 2 3 4

  5. 3. Levels of Study • b. Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope

  6. B. Levels of Structural Organization

  7. Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D

  8. Skeletal • Supports and protects body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals

  9. Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat

  10. Brain Nervous • Sends & receives messages • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Spinal cord Nerves

  11. Cardio- vascular Heart • Transports materials in the body via blood, pumped by the heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Blood vessels

  12. Endocrine Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female)

  13. Lymphatic Thoracic duct Lymph nodes • Houses WBC’s • Disposes of debris/bacteria/ tumor cells • Involved in immunity Lymphatic vessels

  14. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Respiratory Trachea Bronchus • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Left lung

  15. Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Digestive Small intestine • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Large intestine Rectum Anus

  16. Urinary • Eliminates wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials such as • Water • Electrolytes Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

  17. Reproductive Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Vas deferens Penis Vagina Testis Scrotum Female Male • Production of offspring

  18. 8 - Necessary Life Functions D. Maintaining Life

  19. 8 - Necessary Life Functions D. Maintaining Life

  20. 8 - Necessary Life Functions D. Maintaining Life

  21. Survival Needs • *Chemicals for energy & cell building • *Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • *Required for chemical reactions D. Maintaining Life • *60–80% of body weight • *Provides for metabolic reaction *Stable body temperature *Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

  22. E. Homeostasis *Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium *Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

  23. The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

  24. 2 Feedback Mechanisms Organisms maintain homeostasis by using feedback mechanisms • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Increases the original stimulusto push the variable farther In the body, this only occurs in external blood clotting and birth of a baby 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK

  25. Negative feedback- product turns off production Positive Feedback–product increases production

  26. f. Language of aNATOMY Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for:

  27. The forehead is SUPERIOR to the nose INFERIOR INFERIOR 1. Orientation & Directional Terms SUPERIOR SUPERIOR The navel is INFERIOR to the breastbone

  28. The heart is POSTERIOR to the breastbone ANTERIOR POSTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR POSTERIOR The breastbone is ANTERIOR to the spine Anterior/ Ventral Posterior/Dorsal

  29. LATERAL LATERAL MEDIAL MEDIAL The arms are LATERAL to the chest The heart is MEDIAL to the arm

  30. SUPERFICIAL INTERMEDIATE DEEP The armpit is INTERMEDIATE to the breastbone and shoulder The lungs are DEEP to the rib cage The skin is SUPERFICIAL to the skeleton

  31. PROXIMAL DISTAL The elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist The knee is DISTAL to the thigh

  32. Orientation & Directional Terms

  33. Orientation & Directional Terms

  34. Orientation & Directional Terms

  35. 2. Body Planes Median (midsagittal) (c) Transverse (b) Frontal (coronal)

  36. 3. Body Cavities

  37. Abdomino- pelvic Major Organs Abdomino- pelvic Quadrants Abdomino- pelvic Regions

  38. Cephalic Frontal Upper limb Upper limb Orbital Acromial Nasal Deltoid Buccal Oral Brachial (arm) Mental Antecubital Cervical Thoracic Antebrachial (forearm) Sternal Axillary Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) Digital 4. Body Landmarks 4. Body Landmarks Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Pubic (genital) Patellar Crural (leg) KEY: Fibular Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Tarsal (ankle) Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral

  39. Cephalic Upper limb Upper limb Occipital (back of head) Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Back (dorsal) Olecranal Scapular Antebrachial (forearm) Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Manus (hand) 4. Body Landmarks Gluteal Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) KEY: Fibular Back (Dorsum) Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal

  40. Cephalic Frontal Cephalic Upper limb Upper limb Occipital (back of head) Orbital Acromial Nasal Deltoid Buccal Cervical Oral Brachial (arm) Mental Antecubital Back (dorsal) Cervical Olecranal Scapular Thoracic Antebrachial (forearm) Sternal Vertebral Axillary Carpal (wrist) Lumbar Abdominal Sacral Umbilical Manus (hand) Digital 4. Body Landmarks Pelvic Gluteal Inguinal (groin) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Pubic (genital) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) Sural (calf) KEY: Fibular Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Tarsal (ankle) Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Digital Plantar (a) Anterior/Ventral (b) Posterior/Dorsal

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