June 18-22, 2017, Cocagne – Grande-Digue – Moncton, Canada

1. North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk RESEARCH OF CLIMATIC CHANGES IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS ON THE BASIS OF TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH (THE BULUNSKY DISTRICT (TIKSI) OF THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA) IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION) June 18-22, 2017, Cocagne – Grande-Digue – Moncton, Canada

2. Tiksi Settlement is an administrative center of Bulunskiy Region, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Federation of Russia The most northern settlement of Yakutia.

3. Tiksi: 2 field works in 2014 (August, November): - 1 focused interview (1 focus group); - 15 interviews on adaptation; - 1 official meetings; - Several community gatherings and one trip to the settlement (Bykovsky) NEFU Scientific team • Inga Nikulkina, Principal investigator for NEFU, specialist in economy. • TrofimMaximov, Specialist in climatology. • Svetlana Sukneva, Specialist in demography and forecast. • Alexander Isaev, Specialist biodiversity. • SlavaShadrin, History, ethnography.

4. focus group • Have made a questionnaire and interviewed the population about climate change by dispensing questionnaires. Have been collected 125 questionnaires. • Have made a questionnaire and interviewed the population about climate change and migration plans of young people. The survey involved high school students of two schools in Tiksi for 43 people. • Have collected the information about economic, demographic and social indicators in Tiksi and naslegs of Bulunsky region. Expedition to Tiksi (Bulunsky area, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)), on November 17-21, 2014

5. Expedition to Tiksi (Bulunsky area, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)), on November 17-21, 2014 • Have conducted a conversation with a specialist of Employment center concerning employment and unemployment of the population. • To summarize the results of the expedition have conducted a round table with the head of Bulunsky Region K.N. Shahurdin. Discussed the preliminary results and key findings.

6. About Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the largest administrative and territorial subdivision in the world and accordingly, the largest part of Russian Federation. It occupies one-fifth of the territory of Russia. In it’s territory may be located seven European countries: Germany, France, Austria, Italy, Finland, Greece and Sweden. Sakha Republic is not only the biggest but also the coldest one. Over 40% of its territory is beyond the Arctic Circle. Yakutia located entirely in the permafrost zone. Yakutsk is the capital of Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

7. Tiksi is the one of the north Russian sea ports to the east from estuary of river Lena Tiksi is situated beyond the Arctic Circle. On the shore of Tiksi Bay of Laptevykh Sea. One of the principalports for accessing the Laptev Seain the Northern Sea Route. Bulunsky district: Formed in December 10, 1930; Area is 223.6 Thousand km2, Administrative center is Tiksi. The distance from Tiksi to Yakutsk: by land transport is 1694 km, by air is 1270 km and 1703 km by maritime. The climate is severe, subartical. The sea softs the froze a little. The average January temperature is 32 degrees below zero. The average July and August temperature (the warmest months) is only 7 degrees above zero

8. Ethnic composition (As of January 1, 2010): Russians - 28.9%, Evenki - 25%, Yakuts - 23.4%, Evens - 14%, Ukrainians - 3.7%, other nationalities - 5%.

9. About the socio-economic situation in Bulunskiy region (Tiksi) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Fig. 1 – Population dynamics in Bulunskiy Regionand Tiksi, thousands ppl

10. Тикси, ледник-морозилка (для хранения рыбы) Тикси, праздник оленеводов The main activities: In Bulunsky region the majority of workers employ in the budget sphere (47.2%), agriculture and fishing (18.2%), industry for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water (12.2%) in the transport and communication sector (7,6%). Socio-economic problems: transport and economic inaccessibility; high transportation tariffs; severe climatic conditions as a powerful factor in increasing cost of energy resources, construction work, labor (high cost); a special riskiness of private enterprise and so unavoidable inflated prices for goods, tariffs and services, unsuccessful condition of the social sphere, migration outflow of the population, a relatively high level of unemployment, unsuccessful condition of the population’s health, especially of indigenous peoples.

11. Average annual air temperature for the last 40 years (1966-2009) in Tiksi increased on 1,2ºС. Increase in average annual air temperature in Yakutia during 1966-2009.

12. Results Result of sociological research (result from interviews and focus groups; sociological survey of the population): • The main factors of migratory outflow of the population are tensions on the labor market, poor social infrastructure and changing life preferences of the population. The unemployment rate in most regions exceeds the republican average (7.4%). The unemployment rate in the Bulunsky district is 15.6%. The economic motives remain the predominant cause of migration. Главными факторами миграционного оттока населения являются напряженность на рынке труда, неразвитость социальной инфраструктуры и изменение жизненных предпочтений населения. В Б.р. уровень безработицы составляет 15,6%. При этом экономические мотивы миграции являются преобладающими.

13. Results • 2. The main problems of the development of the Arctic region, identified by respondents, are: high level of unemployment; transport and economic inaccessibility and expensive life level; absence of all-year-round the transport connect between regional settlement and Yakutsk; high deterioration of engineering communications; high proportion of emergency and old housing; absence of entering new housing; decreasing of home deer population and absence of demand for hunting fur animals.Основными проблемами развития арктического региона, выделяемые респондентами, являются экономические и социальные проблемы. Люди Б.р Т, участвовавшие в интервью и опросах, основные свои проблемы связывают с социально-экономическими факторами. Климатический фактор даже не вошел и в первую 10 основных проблем. • The people of Bulunsky district and Tiksi participating in an interview and polls connect their main problems with socio-economic factors. The climatic factor did not even enter in the first 10 main problems. • When respondents answers what problems bothered them the most they placed in the first place high prices, unemployment and low wages and pensions. For potential migrants, such problems as no prospects in life, absence of adequate housing, the problem of schooling and lack of attention from the federal authorities are of greater importance. The problem of poor transport links, alcoholism and heavy drinking, unemployment and high prices ranked higher for the respondents who do not plan to move.

14. Survey results The 2014 survey in the Bulunsky district revealed some potential migrants who answered in the affirmative to the question about the desire to leave. 38.8% of the respondents seriously considered leaving as an option, 33.9% did not want to leave, and 27.3% of the respondents had difficulty in answering the question. In response to the question “What everyday problems are bothering you the most?” the most important answers were “high prices” (14.3%), “heavy drinking” (13.4%), “low wages and pensions” (9.1%), “the way the public services work” (8.3%), “lack of attention from the federal authorities to the problems of the northern territory” (6.9%), “unemployment” (6.7%), “pollution” (6.7%), “anomie, the deterioration of relations between people” (6%), “lack of adequate housing” (4%). Lowest ranking were the responses like “public transportation” (0.5%), “pensions” (0.7%), “climate change” (1.9%), “lack of prospects in life” (1.9 %). Depending on the desire of respondents to change their place of residence, the replies were slightly different. For those who were going to leave, the three most common answers were “high prices” (14.6%), “alcoholism and heavy drinking” (13.4%) and “low wages” (10%). Those who had no plans to leave, regarded as the most important such problems as “alcoholism and heavy drinking” (16.2%), “lack of attention from the federal authorities to the problems of the northern territory” (8.6%), “the way the public services work” (8.1 %), “pollution” (8.1%), “unemployment” (7.6%), “low salary, pension” (7.1%), “anomie, the deterioration of relations between people” (6, 6%).

15. Results Result of sociological research (result from interviews and focus groups; sociological survey of the population): 3. People confirm the negative influence of the climate (they give the facts of the negative climate impact in the Bulunsky district); They also note that adapt to changing conditions (examples of modern adaptation of fishermen, reindeer herders, etc.);Люди подтверждают негативное влияния климата (приводят факты негативного воздействия климата); также они отмечают, что приспосабливаются к меняющимся условиям (приводят примеры современной адаптации рыбаков, оленеводов и др.); 4. Most of respondents note that to solve socio-economic problems, including problems of negative impact of climate, "is necessary state support at the federal level ". Their main hopes are connected with the measures of regulation of the federal government. Большинство респондентов отмечают, что решение проблем социально-экономического характера, в том числе проблем негативного воздействия климата, они связываю только с государственной поддержкой на федеральном уровне.

16. What happened new during this time? • There have been positive trends connected with the development of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation: • It has been developed the draft of the program of the Russian Federation at the federal level "Socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020". Within this program is provided the application of the special fields of development of the Arctic. Is scheduled for the formation of 8 basic zones in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation: Arkhangelsk, Kola, Vorkuta, Norilsk, Nenets, Yamal-Nenets, North Yakut, Chukotka. Financing of the projects realized in these basic areas will be carried out from the federal and regional budgets, and also at the expense of private investors (Russian and foreign). • At the regional level, the draft for the formation of the North Yakutia basic zone. In this Concept one of the main infrastructure projects is "Reconstruction and upgrade of Seaport Tiksi" (project cost is estimated at 2.6 billion rubles). If the above-mentioned state program is adopted, then Tiksi has prospects for development! (Financing of the project will be provided from the federal and regional budget).

17. New projects • Complex expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences to Yakutia (including to the Arctic districts) together with NEFU; • Scientific project «Human in the Arctic": the center of strategic researches of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)" began in 2016 complex studying of experience and the current state of human activity in severe conditions of the Arctic.

18. ACHIEVEMENTS • Monographs • Nikulkina I. State financial policy of development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. - St. Petersburg: Nordmedizdat, 2014. - 360 p. • 2. Articles in foreign journals • Sukneva S.A., Nikulkina I.V.Tax Mechanisms of Economic Development and the Improvement of Migration Situation in the Russian Arctic // International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2017. Т. 7. – № 1. – Р. 144-153. • 3. Articles in Russian journals • Nikulkina, I.V. Strategic approach to the formation and implementation of state financial policy in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation: the methodological aspect / I.V. Nikulkina // Economics and Entrepreneurship. - 2016. - No. 9 (74). - P. 205-210. • Nikulkina, I.V. Tax instruments of stimulation of small business of indigenous ethnic groups of the Russian Arctic / I.V. Nikulkina, S. A. Suknyov, A. S. Lukovtsev//Economy. Taxes. Right. – 2014. – No. 6. – Page 111-115; • Nikulkina, I.V. State financial policy of development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation as a key factor in socio-economic development of the Arctic territories / I.V. Nikulkina // National interests: priorities and security. - 2013. - №48 (237). - P. 18-25 • and others.

19. ANYTHING YOU WANT TO GET OUT OF THE FINAL ARTISTICC MEETING • Development of recommendations on the basis of cross-disciplinary and transnational approachI(разработка рекомендаций на основе междисциплинарного и транснационального подхода): • Generalization of international experience • Development of scientifically grounded recommendations to the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): to offer a complex of mechanisms for adaptation to negative climatic changes on the basis of the international experience. • II. Joint publication of scientific articles

20. CONCLUSION • It is important and necessary further research in the field of climate change in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation: identification of the most vulnerable Arctic regions and population groups; creation of a system for assessing regional climate change (starting with an assessment of the epidemiological situation and ending with socio-economic consequences), etc.(важно и необходимо дальнейшее исследование в области климатических изменений в арктической зоне РФ. Важно и необходимо для политиков (для органов государственной власти РФ и РС подготовить и предложить рекомендации): • It is important and necessary for politicians (for government authorities of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)) to prepare and propose recommendations, for example: • necessary to develop a concept for counteracting negative climate change at the federal level; • within the state program of the Russian Federation it is expedient to develop and include the following subprograms with the established volume of financing: • "Ensuring ecological safety, monitoring of state of environment and assessment of climatic changes in the Arctic"; • "Improving the quality of life of the Arctic population"; • 3. It is expedient to expand international cooperation in assessing the impacts of climate change, including in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. • Целесообразно расширение междунарсотрудничества по оценке воздействий изменений климата, в т.ч.в АЗ РФ

21. Thank you for your attention! Head of project from Russian side – Inga Nikulkina, head of the department "Finance and banking" NEFU. E-mail: inga123456@yandex.ru