Dario Camuffo Pagan Emanuela Maraner Antonella CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

1. Friendly Heating: a holistic study of synergism between microclimate, air pollution and cultural heritage Contract No : EVK4-CT-2001-00067 01/04/2002 - 31/03/2005 Dario Camuffo Pagan Emanuela Maraner Antonella CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Padova, Italy

2. Participants: Co-ordinator:Dr Dario Camuffo: CNR-ISAC, Padova, Italy Dr Eng Henk Schellen: Department FAGO, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Prof René Van Grieken: MITAC, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Prof Roman Kozlowski: Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Kraków, Poland Dr Sirkka Rissanen: FIO, Oulu, Finland Dr Arturo Busà & Eng Giovanni Consonni: Milanoprogetti S.n.C. Milano, ItalySubcontract:FH, Padova Italy Mr Marcin Kozarzewski: Firma Zajaczkowska - Kloda Sp. z o.o. Lodz, Poland TU/e

3. Why an European Project? • Most churches have artworks already adapted to their particular microclimate. After they have been utilised for centuries in the cold, churches have been recently heated, often with evident signs of suffering and damage. • The temperature and humidity cycles are causingenormous damage to artworks, especially wooden and paintings. • Hot air strongly accelerates the deposition rate of smoke and other pollutant particles. • The excess moisture released by churchgoers condenses on cold surfaces.

4. The ideal solution is to utilise the church as people were not in, keeping peoplecomfortable, but leaving the church in the cold, as it was before the use. • The principle is to warm people, not the church. • The FRIENDLY-HEATING project is aimed toleave church and artworks in their natural, unaffected microclimate. • Briefly, it allows utilising the building as it were unmanned

5. Discomfort Hot Cold Comfort Cool Warm Microclimate, Comfort and Discomfort The Vertical Temperature Profile may determine Comfort or Discomfort • In addition, the best room Temperature is conditioned by: • Metabolism, • Clothing, • Physical Activity • Attention level

6. The heat source The radiant element is a coating of conductive graphite spread on a glass fabric. The heat is produced by Joule effect when the electrical current crosses the graphite layer. The element isencapsulated within two polyester/ polyethylene foils which provideelectrical insulation.

7. Fire Safety: A natural cut-out Radiant Elements Temperature The maximum temperature is self-regulated by the resistance offered by the graphite coating, which depends on Temperature (T). Should T exceed an upper physical limit (60-80°C), the expansion of the sheet increases the distance between granules and automatically interrupts the electrical current. Air Temperature

8. 45° 45° 55° 55° 55° 45° 45° Position and Temperature of the radiant elements Friendly-Heating 2003-4

9. Hand-Warmer Panel Seat Thermal Insulator Under Seat Element Under Kneeler Strip

10. Transparent Hot Glass Back Glass may provide comfort without having aesthetic impact

11. Testing the thermal sensation The globethermometer measures the combined effect of Air Temperature and Infrared radiation. It has, however, a too slow response. It has been substituted with a fast responding strip of blackbody tissue. The equilibrium temperature has been monitored with a high precision radiometer

12. Blackbody Heating between Pews contribution of the Radiant Elements (RE) Jan. 2004 Height (cm)

13. Friendly-Heating of two types: 1) with hand warmer+underseat+kneeler; 2) glass+underseat+kneeler and two types of Commercial system (A&B) All the four types areswitched on for 60 min. Commercial B, Integrated with FH Commercial A, Integrated with FH FH Glass type FH Hand warmer type T (°C)

14. 2003/4 ° ° 5-7° 5-7° °/° 10-15° 20-25° Comfort 12-16° 12-16° 25° 18-19° FRIENDLY-HEATING: Measured Blackbody (Globe-Thermometer) Temperature (2003)

15. 15° the old Hot-Air Heating System ° ° 10° Discomfort 5° 0° Air Temperature Profile with the old Hot Air Heating System

16. Vertical Air Temperature Profiles (°C) near the altar showing the impact of the old and the novel systems Old Heating System on Novel Heating System on

17. Vertical Air Temperature Profiles in the Church(1) before and after the old Hot Air Heating System was operating for 35 min. before Height (m) after 35 min Air Temperature (°C) (2) with the Friendly-Heating prototype operating for 75 min. 30 Jan 03 Outside the pew area Inside the pew area Height (m) Air Temperature (°C)

18. Percentage of Heat actually utilized by people in the case of a traditionalHot Air Heating Systemand with FRIENDLY HEATINGThis efficiency has beenmeasured after the distribution of the heat in the church i.e. the vertical temperature profile Old Hot Air System Friendly Heating Efficiency = A/(A+B) = 80% B = Heat dispersed in the Church A = Utilized Heat B = Heat dispersed in the Church and dangerous to artworks A Efficiency = A/(A+B)=7%

19. Daily Temperature and Relative Humidity Cycles in the Church Hot Air Heating System on Daily DRH (%) Natural Daily Cycles (including Friendly Heating) Daily DT (°C)

20. This statue was restored some ten years ago. New cracks have been generated by the old Hot Air heating system and they are still growing

21. Instantaneous Tangential Deformation (TD) on the surface and two layers (obtained as 7- and 14-day running average)Pine, Rocca Pietore church Tangential Deformation (%)

22. Surface Stress (%) Surface Stress = Difference between Tangential Deformation on the Surface (TD) and two deeper layers (7- and 14-day running average)and stress average (7- and 14-day running average) Rocca Pietore church

23. Sonic Anemometryin draughts monitoring

24. Natural Background Natural Background + minor perturbation due to Friendly-Heating Discomfort level starts at 0.15-0.2 m/s;

25. w u (m/s) Air Perturbation in the altare zone due to heating cloth altar and carpet(anemometer at 1.80m height) v Time (s) v (m/s) u Time (s) w (m/s) Time (s) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Time (s) w (m/s) Time (s)

26. Sonic anemometer at 1.80m height Next to the altar Evening Holy Mass (Hot Air Heating) and night-time natural background Begin of the service T (°C) w (m/s) End of the service u (m/s) With the Hot Air System The peaks of the air velocity reach ± 0.3-0.4 m/s. The greater values are in the vertical direction (w). During the night the air velocity doesn’t exceed ±0.1m/s in all directions v (m/s) w (m/s)

27. 30° Heating the Altar Hot Altar Cloth ( if necessary) 35° Hot Carpet Heating elements & radiant temperature (°C)

28. Hot Altar Cloth Hot Carpet Thermal insulator Heating Wire Multilayer Hot Carpet Heating

29. Heating S.Stefano di Cadore (BL) Another example of FH heating system installed in S.Stefano di Cadore on Italian Alps, situated in Val Comelico at 908m above mean sea level.

30. Heating an Ortodox Church: Stavropoleos Basilica, Bucarest Back glass heaters for the monumental chairs and heated carpets for the empty nave will be used

31. IN THE FOLLOWING: SPARE SLIDES FOR FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

32. Comparison betweencalculated, measured and simulated tangential deformation of the finger of the wooden statue in Rocca church during the winter period. Calculated Measured Simulated

33. Calculated Measured

34. Blackbody Heating with and without Hot Carpet Seat Thermal Insulator Hand-Warmer Altezza (cm) Hot Carpet contribution Hot Carpets Heating (°C) Choir Stall in the Presbytery

35. A comparison between three different pew heating systems: Heating of the upper and lower surface of seats 50 40 30 20 10 0 Skin Temperature Lower T Upper T FH Type A Type B

36. Comfort level is objectively established by measuring Skin Temperature 11 Temperature sensors ( 9 front and 2 back ) are applied to some volunteers From these data the average skin temperature is calculated to establish the comfort level Data logger Sirkka Rissanen

37. Neutral Comfort Area FRIENDLY-HEATING Prototype Temperatura media della pelle (°C) Slightly Cold Comfort Area Hot Air heating system Cold Discomfort Area Sirkka Rissanen Comfort level with FH and the Hot Air heating system 34 34 33 32 Average Skin Temperature(°C) 31 30 29 TEMPO (minuti)

38. Novel Friendly-Heating system switched on for 45 min. Infrared and mild air sources on (30/01/2003 hr 14:35) 2002/3 Thermal levels between pews before heating Height (cm) Scale in °C

39. Impact of the Hot Air heating system on the ceiling 30 Jan 2003 Before Hot air Heating Hr 16:00 Hot air Heating for 30 min Hr 16:30 Net ceiling warming

40. Ceiling Heatingafter 1h30m operation with Friendly Heating and lights on Ceiling Heatingafter 1h30m operation with Friendly Heating and lights off The FH Ceiling Heating is of the same order as lighting heating

41. Floor Temperature FH operating since 1h T(°C) Altar carpet Heating in corrispondence of pews

42. T (°C) Upward flow, Altar area FH on w (m/s) u (m/s) Correlation Coefficient between Temperature and air velocity in the vertical (w) direction R(T,W) =0.65 v (m/s) w (m/s)

43. Altar area No heating R(T,W) = 0.47 T (°C) w (m/s) T (°C) FH on w (m/s)

44. R(T,W) = 0.65 T (°C) w (m/s) FH starts operating T (°C) Altar area FH on w (m/s)

45. R(T,W) = -0.24 T (°C) Mid church FH on w (m/s) T (°C) w (m/s) R(T,W) = 0.42

46. Near the Bell TowerFH onR(T,W) = 0.77 T (°C) w (m/s)