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An Adaptive Coordination Scheme for the Opportunistic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. By: Mohd Ezanee Rusli & Richard Harris { m.e.rusli,r.harris }@ massey.ac.nz. Presentation Outline. Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol
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An Adaptive Coordination Scheme for the Opportunistic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks By: Mohd Ezanee Rusli & Richard Harris {m.e.rusli,r.harris}@massey.ac.nz
Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions and Future Work
Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model and OR implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions
Introduction to WSNs - 1 • Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Applications: Structural Monitoring System Forest/Fire Monitoring System Environmental Monitoring System 4
Introduction to WSNs - 2 (Courtesy of Wikipedia) • Properties that describe WSNs include: • Sensor nodes with resource constraints • Suitable for ad-hoc large area deployment • Variable sensor node density • A common communication pattern is between source nodes and sink (base) node • Support multi-hop routing • Dynamic network topology due to intermittent connectivity and node failures
Routing - OR Concept • A method for exploiting spatial and temporal diversity of wireless sensor networks with lossy links • Broadcast/multicast communication (default mode) • Main objective is to maximise the average distance travelled of a packet per transmission – more energy efficient • Unique feature: • The final decision to select the next relay node is made afterpacket transmission • Next hop is based on connectivity • Integrates the Network and MAC layers – Cross layer approach
OR Concept – Example (1) i2 i2 S S D D ii i1
OR Concept – Example (2) i2 S S D D i1 i1
OR Concept – Example (3) Sink Source
OR Concept – Example (4) Sink Source
Candidate Relay Set (CRS) Region Sink Source
Variants of OR • Random and unlimited Candidate Relay Set (CRS) • Predetermined and limited CRS • Location-based • Priority/Cost Function (i.e. Distance, Energy)
Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions
WSN System Model - Assumptions (25, 35%) (5, 90%) (5, 90%) (30, 30%) (15, 50%) Source Destination (25, 35%) PRR(Link quality) (10, 85%) (10, 85%) (20, 45%) (40, 10%) Distance
OR Implementation [8] K. Zheng, et al., "On Geographic Collaborative Forwarding in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks", in International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems and Applications,2007
Operating Flow Chart for OR Transmitter/Source Receivers/Relays
Performance Deficiency • Static coordination procedure can lead to a potential of high end-to-end delay in lossy WSN. • Critical to WSN application with delay-constraint requirement. QoS Aware- OR with Adaptive Coordination Procedure
Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions
Quality of Service (QoS) - OR • Modification of OR to include QoS components • Parameters of Interest (POI)
Quality of Service (QoS) - OR • Modification of OR to include QoS components • Parameters of Interest (POI)
Adaptive Coordination Delay • CRS Quality Score (QS) • Utilising the implicit acknowledgement procedure • The ratio of implicit acknowledgement packet from nodes in CRS over the total number of packets sent • The higher the QS value the better the quality
Quality Score Estimation • Exponential Weighted Moving Average • Tuning parameter,
Flow Chart for QoS-OR (1) Transmitter/Source Receivers/Relays
Flow Chart for QoS-OR (2) Transmitter/Source Receivers/Relays
Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions
Simulation • Matlab-based probabilistic wireless sensor network discrete-event simulator, Prowler[14] • Realistic Lossy Channel model [15] • CSMA/CA model - TinyOS [14] G. Simon. Probabilistic wireless network simulator. http://www.isis.vanderbilt.edu/projects/nest/prowler [15] M. Zuniga and B. Krishnamachari, "Analyzing the Transitional Region in Low Power Wireless Links", in First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, IEEE SECON '04., 2004
Numerical Results - 1 End-to-end delay • 10 runs • No Retransmission • Alpha, = 0.9 • 75 Nodes
Numerical Results - 2 Packet Success Rate • 10 runs • No Retransmission • Alpha, = 0.9 • 75 Nodes
Numerical Results - 3 Energy Efficiency (packet/Joule) • 10 runs • No Retransmission • Alpha, = 0.9 • 75 Nodes
Conclusions and Future Work • OR protocol was adopted with the objective to improve communication efficiency through spatial and temporal diversity especially in lossy wireless sensor network • The proposed adaptive coordination scheme can improve the overall performance of OR in term of end-to-end delay, packet success rate and energy efficiency • Our future work will include implementing other strategies to ensure OR can include additional QoS requirements