An Adaptive Coordination Scheme for the Opportunistic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

1. An Adaptive Coordination Scheme for the Opportunistic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks By: Mohd Ezanee Rusli & Richard Harris {m.e.rusli,r.harris}@massey.ac.nz

2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions and Future Work

3. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model and OR implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions

4. Introduction to WSNs - 1 • Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Applications: Structural Monitoring System Forest/Fire Monitoring System Environmental Monitoring System 4

5. Introduction to WSNs - 2 (Courtesy of Wikipedia) • Properties that describe WSNs include: • Sensor nodes with resource constraints • Suitable for ad-hoc large area deployment • Variable sensor node density • A common communication pattern is between source nodes and sink (base) node • Support multi-hop routing • Dynamic network topology due to intermittent connectivity and node failures

6. Routing - OR Concept • A method for exploiting spatial and temporal diversity of wireless sensor networks with lossy links • Broadcast/multicast communication (default mode) • Main objective is to maximise the average distance travelled of a packet per transmission – more energy efficient • Unique feature: • The final decision to select the next relay node is made afterpacket transmission • Next hop is based on connectivity • Integrates the Network and MAC layers – Cross layer approach

7. OR Concept – Example (1) i2 i2 S S D D ii i1

8. OR Concept – Example (2) i2 S S D D i1 i1

9. OR Concept – Example (3) Sink Source

10. OR Concept – Example (4) Sink Source

11. Candidate Relay Set (CRS) Region Sink Source

12. Variants of OR • Random and unlimited Candidate Relay Set (CRS) • Predetermined and limited CRS • Location-based • Priority/Cost Function (i.e. Distance, Energy)

13. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions

14. WSN System Model - Assumptions (25, 35%) (5, 90%) (5, 90%) (30, 30%) (15, 50%) Source Destination (25, 35%) PRR(Link quality) (10, 85%) (10, 85%) (20, 45%) (40, 10%) Distance

15. OR Implementation [8] K. Zheng, et al., "On Geographic Collaborative Forwarding in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks", in International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems and Applications,2007

16. Operating Flow Chart for OR Transmitter/Source Receivers/Relays

17. Performance Deficiency • Static coordination procedure can lead to a potential of high end-to-end delay in lossy WSN. • Critical to WSN application with delay-constraint requirement. QoS Aware- OR with Adaptive Coordination Procedure

18. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions

19. Quality of Service (QoS) - OR • Modification of OR to include QoS components • Parameters of Interest (POI)

20. Quality of Service (QoS) - OR • Modification of OR to include QoS components • Parameters of Interest (POI)

21. Adaptive Coordination Delay • CRS Quality Score (QS) • Utilising the implicit acknowledgement procedure • The ratio of implicit acknowledgement packet from nodes in CRS over the total number of packets sent • The higher the QS value the better the quality

22. Quality Score Estimation • Exponential Weighted Moving Average • Tuning parameter,

23. Flow Chart for QoS-OR (1) Transmitter/Source Receivers/Relays

24. Flow Chart for QoS-OR (2) Transmitter/Source Receivers/Relays

25. Performance Metrics

26. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) • Opportunistic Routing (OR) Protocol • WSN System Model & OR Implementation • Enhancement Strategy of OR • Performance Analysis and Numerical Results • Conclusions

27. Simulation • Matlab-based probabilistic wireless sensor network discrete-event simulator, Prowler[14] • Realistic Lossy Channel model [15] • CSMA/CA model - TinyOS [14] G. Simon. Probabilistic wireless network simulator. http://www.isis.vanderbilt.edu/projects/nest/prowler [15] M. Zuniga and B. Krishnamachari, "Analyzing the Transitional Region in Low Power Wireless Links", in First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, IEEE SECON '04., 2004

28. Simulation Setup

29. Numerical Results - 1 End-to-end delay • 10 runs • No Retransmission • Alpha, = 0.9 • 75 Nodes

30. Numerical Results - 2 Packet Success Rate • 10 runs • No Retransmission • Alpha, = 0.9 • 75 Nodes

31. Numerical Results - 3 Energy Efficiency (packet/Joule) • 10 runs • No Retransmission • Alpha, = 0.9 • 75 Nodes

32. Conclusions and Future Work • OR protocol was adopted with the objective to improve communication efficiency through spatial and temporal diversity especially in lossy wireless sensor network • The proposed adaptive coordination scheme can improve the overall performance of OR in term of end-to-end delay, packet success rate and energy efficiency • Our future work will include implementing other strategies to ensure OR can include additional QoS requirements

33. Q & A