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Total War, Totalitarianism, & the Arts

Total War, Totalitarianism, & the Arts. World War I: Causes. Extreme nationalism (roots in the 19 th century) Militaristic view of war as heroic; highest expression of nation and individual Hostile alliance system. France Germany Russia Great Britain Serbia. Ottoman Empire

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Total War, Totalitarianism, & the Arts

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  1. Total War, Totalitarianism, & the Arts

  2. World War I: Causes • Extreme nationalism (roots in the 19th century) • Militaristic view of war as heroic; highest expression of nation and individual • Hostile alliance system

  3. France Germany Russia Great Britain Serbia Ottoman Empire United States Italy Austria-Hungary Belgium What countries were allies in WW I?

  4. Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Belgium Serbia United States Italy Japan Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire World War I

  5. Allied Powers France Great Britain United States Soviet Union Axis Powers Germany Italy Bulgaria Hungary Japan World War II

  6. Horse = steed, charger Enemy= the foe Danger= peril Conquer= vanquish Brave= gallant The dead= the fallen To die= perish Warfare= strife Actions= deeds To win= conquer Quick= swift Sleep= slumber Enlist= join the colors Draft-notice= summons Romantic Language of War

  7. Modern Warfare: WW I • Trenches, barbed wire, machine guns • Long battles without consequence (600,000 killed at Verdun, but no real consequence) • Propaganda necessary to keep soldiers and civilians supporting the war

  8. Modern Irony

  9. NOTHING is to be written on this side except the date and signature of the sender. Sentences not required may be erased. I am quite well. I have been admitted into hospital {sick, wounded} and am going on well. and hope to be discharged soon. I have received your letter dated________ I have received no letter from you {lately/ for a long time} Signature only Date____________________________________

  10. War and Irony in Literature • Yeats, “The Second Coming” (1921) (p. 868) • Jarrell, “The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner” (1945) (p. 878) • Joseph Heller, Catch-22 (1955) (p. 878) • Stanley Kubrick, Dr. Strangelove (Film, 1964)

  11. Rise of German Fascism: Causes • Humiliation from defeat in WW I • Treaty of Versailles: $33 billion war debt; German army limited to 100,000 • Inflation: Gov. printed more money to pay debt; money becomes almost worthless—then Great Depression came in 1929

  12. Adolf Hitler • Born 1889, Austria: undisciplined, poor student • Went to Vienna to study art, rejected from art academy • Became anti-Semitic, and his hatred of Jews meant hatred of Marxism too (Marx was Jewish)

  13. Rise of Hitler and National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi) • 1928: 12 seats in Reichstag (800,000 voters) • 1930: 107 seats in Reichstag (6.5 mill voters) • 1933: Hitler becomes chancellor, then Reichstag gives him dictatorial power Note: Hitler was a product of democracy

  14. Nazi ideology • Celebrated German soil and German blood • Romantic view of German peasants • The enemy: the city, industry, modernity • The scapegoat: the Jews

  15. Nazi View of Jews • Outsiders: from outside Europe (corrupting the German blood) • Urbanites (corrupting the German land) • Businessmen/financiers (corrupting the German economy) • Intellectuals and artists (corrupting German culture) [Marx and Freud were both Jewish]

  16. Nazi View of Art • Classicism and Romanticism are best • Subjects: Good-looking German peasants; rural scenes • Form: Representational art (experimental, distorted, and non-representational arts are “degenerate”)

  17. The Holocaust • The Nazis passed laws to put Jews in ghettos • Then they passed laws to move Jews to concentration camps, where 6,000,000 were murdered • 5,000,000 non-Jews also died in the death camps

  18. The Holocaust: uniqueness • Focused: singled out Jews as target ethnic group—but Roman Catholics, gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped also killed • Official: it was the law • Systematic: technology, bureaucracy, industry all work toward this goal • Effective: 2/3 of Jewish population of Europe murdered

  19. Mid-Twentieth Century World War II and After

  20. Existentialism • “Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.”—Jean Paul Sartre (Fiero 887) • Our choices define our nature—no preexisting nature • Existence precedes essence • “man first of all is the being who hurls himself into the future”—Sartre

  21. Theater of the Absurd Samuel Beckett (Irish), Waiting for Godot (1948)

  22. Alberto Giacometti (Swiss)

  23. City Square (La Place) (1948)

  24. Dog (1951)

  25. Cat

  26. Jackson Pollock (American) “Jack the Dripper” Color Field Painting

  27. Convergence, 1952

  28. Edward Hopper (American) Realism (American Scene Painting)

  29. Nighthawks, 1942

  30. Cape Cod Evening, 1939

  31. Office at Night, 1940

  32. House by the Railroad, 1925

  33. Rooms by the Sea, 1951

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