Materials and Structures, Technologies for Space

1. Materials and Structures, Technologies for Space Celeste Pereira, Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering Foot Note

2. Focus on organic based composites and carbon nanotubes

3. Materials and Structures for Space • Needs/Technology Drivers • Lightweight • Strength and stiffness • Thermal conductivity for heat dissipation • Electrical conductivity for electric discharges and electromagnetic protection • Heat resistance for thermal protection • Radiation resistance • Wear and fatigue resistance • Technologies • Advanced composite materials: CFRP, hybrid structures, etc. • Nanostructures: CNT, CNT-skeletons, etc, • Multifunctional and multiscale materials: CFRP/CNT • Ablative materials (e.g. cork-based composites)

4. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)

5. Carbon nanotubes (CNT): Properties High mechanical modulus and strength. Good electrical and thermal conductivity Large aspect ratio and capillary properties

6. CNT based composites Classification of CNT-based Materials COPE NAREMA Contexto de Projectos ESA no INEGI

7. CNT-skeleton based composites Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009 CNT powder CNT paper CNT felt

8. CNT-skeleton based composites Project NACO I – “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space” (2007-2009) The main objective of this project was to develop and characterize carbon nanotube (CNT) based composites, by infiltrating nanotube skeletons with either an organic or inorganic matrix.

9. CNT-skeleton based composites CNT skeleton or buckypaper • MWCNT, Diameter of the paper: 80mm • CNT density: 1.4-1.5 g/cm3 Infiltration and cure • Two part epoxy systemspecifically developed for low pressure RTM (infusion /injection) • Very low viscosity: 110mPa.s • High mechanical performances • Temperature resistante(Tg > 80°C) Polymer Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009

10. CNT-skeleton based composites SEM Observations in the middle along the thickness Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009 Good impregnation of the CNT paper! 15-20 wt% amount of CNT!

11. CNT-skeleton based composites Mechanicalbehaviour Work done under the ESA Project NACO- “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009

12. CNT-skeleton based composites SEM Observations Sample 1: along the thickness Sample 2: along the thickness Sample 3: along the thickness Sample 4: along the thickness Work done under the ESA Project “Non-conventional Matrix/Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Composite for Applications in Space”, 2007-2009 Future work: Stabilization of CNT-skeletons; optimization of manufacturing processes; scale-up (NACO II)

13. CNT based composites Classification of CNT-based Materials COPE NAREMA Contexto de Projectos ESA no INEGI

14. Project COPE – “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” (2008-2010), (ARTES 5 Program) CFRP with CNT based matrix Partners: HPS (D), INEGI (P), TUHH (D), Astrium-EADS (D), INVENT (D), ARC (A), FutureCarbon (D), University of Bayreuth (D) The main objective of this project is to produce multiscale and multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) incorporating carbon nanotubes for improved properties - mechanical, thermal and electrical properties - for structural elements and payloads

15. CFRP with CNT based matrix Carbon fibre fabric CNT doped resin

16. CFRP with CNT based matrix CFRP/CNT material Work done under the ESA Project COPE - “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” ”, 2008-2010

17. CFRP with CNT based matrix Mechanicalbehaviour Work done under the ESA Project COPE - “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” ”, 2008-2010

18. CFRP with CNT based matrix SEM Observations Work done under the ESA Project COPE - “Composite Materials for Payload and Platform Elements” ”, 2008-2010 Carbon fiber Sample 20: in the middle Sample 20: in the matrix in the interface Sample 21: in the interface matrix Sample 21: in the middle

19. CFRP with CNT based matrix: applications Project NAREMA – “Nanotube Reinforced Structural Materials for Spacecraft Applications”, ESA Contract (2010-2012) The main objective of this project is to produce multiscale carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) incorporating carbon nanotubes for improved properties mechanical for spacecraft and launcher structures.

20. CFRP with CNT based matrix: applications Waveguides Antennas Formation of a sensing network Damage monitoring Inter and intralaminar reinforcement

21. CNT-based composites: terrestrial applications Structural adhesives Sensors and actuators Structural health monitoring Thermal management and protection Electrostatic dissipation in electronic devices Electromagnetic-wave shielding Catalysis and Fuel Cells Hydrogen &Gas Storage Batteries& Capacitors 22

22. Ablative Materials Project DEAM- “Development of an European Ablative Material for Heatshields of Sample Return Missions”, ESA Contract (2008-2010) Supportstructure Ablativematerialsbeforeandaftertest The main objective of this project is to develop European Ablative Material for Heatshields of Sample Return.

23. Ablative Materials: cork based heatshields

24. Acknowledgements Financial Support by ESA and FCT (Portuguese delegation and ProgramaCiência) is gratefully acknowledged. HPS Coordination and project management “lessons” Colleagues of work: Marta Martins (INEGI), Paulo Nóvoa (INEGI), Dinis Dias (INEGI), Ivo Costa (INEGI) Ernst Pfeiffer (HPS), Pedro Portela (HPS), Stefan Forero (Future Carbon), Paulo Lopes (PIEP), Felicitas Hepp (HPS), Maximilian Klebor (HPS), Vincent Calard (ARC), Laurent Pambaguian (ESTEC), HansGeorg Wulz (EADS-Astrium) Foot Note

25. Thankyou!