CHAPTER ONE

1. Exploration and the Colonial Era, Beginnings to 1763 CHAPTER ONE

2. Section-1 The Americas, West Africa, and Europe

3. The First Americans • 22,000 years ago hunters cross from Asia to Alaska over Beringia Hunting and Gathering • Inhabitants hunt large animals until climate warms • 12,000 to 10,000 years ago hunt small game, gather nuts and berries Agriculture Develops • Planting of crops begins in central Mexico 10,000 to 5,000 years ago • Some cultures remain nomadic—moving in search of food and water

4. Maya, Aztec, and Inca Societies Flourish • The Americas’ first empire, the Olmec, flourishes 1200 to 400 B.C. • A.D. 250 to 900, Maya culture thrives in Guatemala and Yucatán • Aztecbegin building civilization in the Valley of Mexico in 1200s • Incas establish empire around A.D. 1400 in western South America Complex Societies Arise in North America • Anasaziform agricultural societies in Southwest after 300 B.C. • Trading, mound building cultures arise east and west of Mississippi

5. Diverse Peoples • West coast tribes live in marshes and forests; hunt and gather • The Pueblo, Anasazi descendants, farm and live in multistory houses • Iroquois live in Northeastern forests, hunt for food and clothing • Southeast groups grow maize, squash, and beans Common Characteristics • Many cultures trade, share common social values and religion • All tribes organized by families, some in clans with common ancestor

6. West African Societies of the 1400s The Kingdom of Songhai • 600 to 1600—Trans-Sahara trade enriches Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires Kingdoms of Benin and Kongo • In 1400s, the kingdom of Benin controls area around Niger Delta • Kongo, group of small kingdoms on Congo River ruled by single leader West African Culture • West Africans live in villages; family, community, tradition direct life • People worship ancestral spirits; most believe in single creator • Make living from farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining, trading …

7. Trading Patterns with the Wider World • Timbuktu is center of trans-Saharan trade network • European, North African, Saharan goods traded for West African goods • Traders bring Islam—a monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad The Portuguese • Portuguese sailors make contacts along West African coast in 1440s • Portuguese begin direct trade and bypass Saharan merchants • European trade in enslaved West Africans begins

8. Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion • Cost and danger of land route to Asia leads to search for sea route • Monarchs finance exploration to find new sources of wealth Sailing Technology Improves • New ship designs and instruments promote exploration • Prince Henry gathers mariners, navigators; finances exploration

9. Sections 2 and 3 American Colonies Emerge

10. American Colonies Emerge • Conquistadors – Spanish explorers seeking gold and silver • CORTES– Spanish conquistador who lands in Tenochtitlan (Aztec Capital) in Present day Mexico • Cortes claims region for Spain • MONTEZUMA – Leader of Aztec people • Believes the arrival of Cortes was a foretold prophecy and he is a perceived as a God. • Offers Cortes GOLD • *Aztecs and Spanish do not see gold equally. Cortes gets greedy and wants all of the gold • Takes Montezuma hostage and forces Native Americans to work and mine for gold (ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM)

11. Aztecs and Cortes • The Aztec people start to view their former leader, MONTEZUMA as a traitor for giving Cortes the gold. • The stone him to death. • Aztecs rebel against the harsh treatment of Cortes and lose • Cortes founds the city of NEW SPAIN (Present day Mexico City) • The Spanish also start to inter-marry the Native Americans. A MESTIZO is the offspring of an intermarried Native American and Spanish Couple

12. Converting and Rebellion • Missionaries in New Mexico and Arizona wanted to convert the Native Americans to their religion • Build missions with bells and pictures of clouds on it. They did this to lure Native Americans in because clouds were a symbol of power to them. • Once they decided to convert, however, the Native Americans wanted to go back to their own beliefs.

13. Pope’s Rebellion • Pope was a religious leader of the Pueblo tribe • Refused to stop practicing his religious rituals • His rituals were interpreted as witchcraft. • The Spanish beat him up • Pope gathered about 17,000 men and fought back against the Spanish. • This resulted in 14 years of Native American control of the land before they were ever attacked again.

14. Florida • Juan Ponce de Leon sails and lands in Florida looking for Gold and the Fountain of Youth • Him and his men find neither, start to sail back to Spain • But, at the same time, the French along with Pirates and Buccaneers land in Jacksonville. • This changes Spain’s mind of turning back and going to Spain, so they turn back to Florida. • Pedro Menendez de Aviles founds St. Augustine • St. Augustine is the oldest surviving European Settlement in Americas

15. Jamestown (1607) • First permanent ENGLISH settlement in America • Jamestown, Virginia • King James 1st grants a charter • Joint-Stock companies (Investors funding colonists to go settle in “New World” and make a profit) • Virginia Company • Sends over 150 settlers

16. Jamestown Starts out as a Disaster • The settlers who first went to Jamestown were not of the working class • Could not fend for themselves and many died. • Powhawtan Indian Tribe – Native Americans that lived in Virginia at the time. Traded goods with the settlers at first. • After many colonists die because they cannot fend for themselves, JOHN SMITH takes charge. • Says “If you don’t work, you don’t eat”

17. Jamestown starts to grow • Once Jamestown overcame its initial drawbacks, more settlers (about 600) came over. • This threatened the Pawhawtan people. They now realized that their way of life could be coming to and end • The Pawhawtan people start to burn the colonists livestock and crops so they could not eat. • This is known as STARVING TIME in Jamestown

18. Arrival of African Laborers • Tobacco was worth its weight in gold. • African Slave was worth 3 times that much • (late 1600s)As the colony becomes wealthy from tobacco, and indentured servants begin to die of disease, more African slaves start to be bought to the colony.

19. Setting the Stage • Remember these factors: • Indentured Servants were brought over to work the land, but then given no land when it was over. Became poor and settled on the frontier. • Native Americans were attacking them because they feared the colonists were expanding too much

20. Tensions in Jamestown • Because of all of the attacking going on in Jamestown, the king revoked the companies charter. • Became a ROYAL COLONY – One that is under DIRECT control of the king • Berkeley becomes governor of Virginia and begins to impose high taxes on the poor in order to fund the “planters” (tobacco farmers)

21. Bacon’s Rebellion • The poor colonists on the frontier keep getting attacked by Native American tribes • They are wondering why Governor Berkeley is not using their tax money to build forts for their protection • Nathaniel Bacon raises an army of frontier settlers to demand use of tax money for forts • The Governor refuses, Bacon and his men march on Jamestown and burn it to the ground.

22. Section-4 The Colonies Come of Age Even though both Northern and Southern colonies prosper, many colonists begin to question British authority.

23. A Plantation Economy Arises in the South Life in a Diverse Southern Society • English, German, Scots, Scots-Irish settlers; mostly small farmers • Plantation owners control much of the South’s economy and politics The Middle Passage • Triangular trade—trade between Africa, West Indies, and the colonies • Middle passage—sea route to West Indies, used to transport slaves Continued…

24. Africans Cope in Their New World • 80-90% of slaves work in fields, 10-20% as servants or artisans • Slaves keep their culture alive; some resist or rebel

25. Commerce Grows in the North Colonial Cities and Trade • Northern colonies develop trade-based economy, some industries • Philadelphia becomes Britain’s second largest port after London • Colonial merchants trade as far away as California • Northern colonies attract Jews, Dutch, Germans, and others Farming in the North • Northern farms produce varied cash crops, use less slave labor • Slavery and anti-black prejudice exist in the North

26. Section-4 The Enlightenment European Ideas Inspire the Colonists • Renaissance scientists look for rational explanation of world • Discover that the earth revolves around the sun • Enlightenment—intellectual movement that values reason and science • Benjamin Franklin, colonial politician, embraces Enlightenment ideas

27. The Great Awakening Religious Revivals • Puritans lose influence in Massachusetts, lose dedication to religion • Great Awakening—revivals to restore Puritan dedication and intensity • Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful; must seek God’s mercy • Great Awakening revives religion, leads many to change congregations Effects of the Great Awakening and Enlightenment • Both movements lead people to question authority of church and state • Movements create atmosphere that leads to American Revolution

28. The French and Indian War Britain and France • France and Britain fight three inconclusive wars in 1600s and 1700s • French and Indian War—conflict reignites in colonies in 1754 Rivals for an Empire • French colony based on fur trade, allies with Native Americans War Erupts • French build Fort Duquesne in land claimed by Virginia (Ohio Valley) • French crush Virginia militia under George Washington in 1754 • 1755–1756, French and allies continue to defeat British militia Continued…

29. The French and Indian War {continued} Britain Defeats an Old Enemy • British troops capture Quebec in a surprise attack in 1759 • William Pitt, British politician, leads Britain to victory • Treaty of Paris ends war (1763), France gives up almost all its land Changes for Native Americans • Ottawa leader, Pontiac, fears loss of land; captures British forts • British use smallpox as a weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened • Proclamation of 1763—colonists can’t settle west of Appalachians