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Superconductivity and the environment: a Roadmap

Superconductivity and the environment: a Roadmap. A discussion based on the Topical Review published in Superconductor Science and Technology 26 , 113001 (2013) Contributors:

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Superconductivity and the environment: a Roadmap

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  1. Superconductivity and the environment: a Roadmap A discussion based on the Topical Review published in Superconductor Science and Technology 26, 113001 (2013) Contributors: S Nishijima, S Eckroad, A Marian, K Choi, W S Kim, M Terai, Z Deng, J Zheng, J Wang, K Umemoto, J Du, P Febvre, S Keenan, O Mukhanov Editors: LD Cooley, CP Foley, WV Hassenzahl, and M Izumi colloquium Lance Cooley – Technical Division 30 October 2013

  2. Top 10 Problems Facing Humanity for the Next 50 Years • Energy • Water • Food • Environment • Poverty • Terrorism & war • Disease • Education • Democracy • Population Richard Smalley 1943-2005 Nobel Prize – Chemistry, 1996 Remarks made to the Energy and NanoTechnology Conference, Rice Univ., May 2003 Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  3. Managing Global Catastrophic Risks N Bostrom & MM Cirkovic Oxford Univ. Press, 2011 Catastrophic Existential Risk Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  4. The Pathway toward a Focus Article Editors conceived a broad-reaching article collection in early 2012 intended to educate for policy as well as science Authors were invited in mid 2012 to submit articles describing original research on the use of superconducting materials and devices for: • Environmental applications and responsibility • Environmental monitoring • Green energy production and delivery • Green energy consumption Each article identified: • The challenge • The status of superconducting and other technologies • The advances needed to meet the challenges Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  5. The Result – the First of a Series? A few other topics that were not part of the Roadmap will also be presented today. Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  6. Area 1: environmental applications Wastewater treatment Arable land reclamation Third-World Water Forum, Kyoto 2003: 20% of world population may not be guaranteed a proper supply of water From S Nishijima Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  7. High Gradient Magnetic Separation – S. Nishijima • Pioneering work in 1970s • John Oberteuffer – MIT, IEEE Trans. Magn.9, 303 (1973) • JHP Watson – Corning Glass Works, J Appl Phys. 44, 4209 (1973) • Stardard technique for extraction of minerals from clay F = VM(dB/dx) Stronger magnets can expand the separation zone  Too much drag Efficient separation Too heavy Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  8. Demo: 2 kilo-ton Per Day Water Treatment at Paper Plant S Nishijima and S Takeda, IEEE Trans. ASC 16,1142 (2006) Addition of magnetic hematite Separation stage using 3 Tesla superconducting Nb-Ti magnet Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  9. Status and Opportunity for HGMS – Water • Competitive with sand-bed filtration • Less prone to fouling by biologic agents and colloids than organic membranes • Excellent for radioactive waste • Two breakthrough aspects : • Nanoparticles with magnetic components target specific contaminant classes • Some “contain” the magnetic particle in an “activated” shell • HTS magnets and MgB2 permit 2-8 T fields with plug-in cryocoolers or LN2 • At this field range, bacteria and ions can be separated Magnet Image from T. Oka et al., Physica C484, 325 (2013) demonstrating magnetic separation of Ni plating waste using a HTS bulk magnet Water Waste Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  10. Reclamation of Arable Land via UXO Removal – S Keenan • UXO = Unexploded Ordinance • 10% to 15% of deployed ordinance does NOT blow up! • WWII ordinance may have failed as much as 25-30% • 40,000 km2 in USA (> Maryland) may be contaminated with UXO • 99.9% confidence level required for US civilian use of land • High costs are associated with land reclamation • “Wave and Flag” with conventional magnetometers is not effective through vegetation, over rough terrain, or under water Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  11. Superconducting Gradiometer • Multi-axis SQUID gradiometers discriminate UXO vs clutter • SQUID sensors enable detection of a 40 mm UXO from a 4 m standoff distance • “Teach” software the signature of various UXOs J. Gamey 2008 report referenced by S. Keenan S T Keenan, J A Young, C P Foley and J Du Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23, 025029 (2010) Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  12. Needs for Improved UXO Detection • Must actively correct for background Earth’s field when towing gradiometer to reduce noise • HTS gradiometers are ready for the field! • Liquid nitrogen or cryo-cooled versions now equal niobium-based versions that require liquid helium • Notice: “superconductor inside” look and feel From S. Keenan, CSIRO Australia Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  13. Area 2. Environmental monitoring Disaster prediction Seeing the invisible 0.2 THz image showing mm-wave return overlaid on a photograph. See CSIRO ICT Centre Ict.csiro.au, contact Dr. Y. Jay Guo Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  14. Listening to the Earth Breathe – P Febvre • Ultra Sensitive Magnetometry • Space observation missions have produced some of the quietest environments for SQUIDs • At 40 Hz, they are 100 x quieter than a sleeping brain 10-4 to 102nT Hz-1/2 Courtesy of C.G. Constable and S.C. Constable, "Satellite Magnetic field measurements: applications in studying the deep earth". In Sparks, R.S.J., and Hawkesworth, C.J., (eds.), The State of the planet : frontiers and challenges in geophysics. Washington, DC : AGU; pp 147-160 (2004). 10-4 to 102 Hz The LEMI25 fluxgate magnetometer data are a courtesy of Aude Chambodut of the EOST (Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre) of the University of Strasbourg. Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  15. Opportunity – Planet-wide Array for Disaster Prediction • Use the ionosphere as the primary detector “The basic idea behind these results when the Earth’s surface is concerned is that each time there is a ground movement, the air column above it is shaken. Energetically the coupling is poor but there is enough energy transferred to reach the ionosphere. Then the electromagnetic variations can be detected by SQUID magnetometers.” P waves from 5.1 magnitude earthquake 29 km from Hawera, Auckland, NZ Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  16. THz Imaging and Spectrometry – Jia Du • HTS are uniquely suited as both sources and as detectors of THz radiation • The gap energy lies in the THz regime • The natural crystal structure is layered Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  17. Seeing the Invisible - Outlook • THz frequency is absorbed by molecular bonds, so chemical activity can be discriminated • Stand-off detection of biological and chemical agents • Activity in polymers • Sickness and health • Bulky, slow, bench-top demonstrators could transform to cheap, fast, portable units • HTS arrays for imaging • On-board mini cryo-cooling • Improved sources Corrosion under paint Image from J. Du contribution to environment article Nutrients in a leaf Image from J. Du contribution to environment article Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  18. Area 3:Green Energy Delivery Trans-continental power corridors 10 MW Wind turbines Superconducting magnetic energy storage Maps show the anti-correlation between population density and annual average wind speed Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  19. Transporting Energy (or Fuel) over 1,000 km UHV DC • Xiangjiaba (3 Gorges) – Shanghai: 6.4 GW, 2,000 km, 800 kV, 2 poles • Est. cost $1M / km line, $0.8 B for conversion stations • Loss < 7% • $0.47 / watt • 80% of cost is material and construction • 10% is right of way Oil or Gas pipeline UHV AC 1,000 km not practical; 160 km is typical limit From AEP: 160 km @765 kV costs $0.4 B 1 GW over 160 km 765 kV, 1.1% loss 345 kV, 4.2 % loss 110 kV, 11% loss $0.45 / watt For 160 km There is a “break-even distance” where AC and DC compete. • Keystone Ph.1: 36 inch, 600k bbls / day, 1,744 km, $5.2B, 2008-2015 • 1 bbl = 1.7 MWh • Keystone = 42 GW • $0.12 / watt • Raw fuel • $0.40 / watt electricity if oil or LNG burned directly Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  20. Trans-continental Power Cables: 100 GW over 1,000 km Nb3Sn Cable (10 tons per km) LHe cooled cable LN2 cooled plenum 200 kV (match to grid) 500 kA DC Joints every km 20 km between refrigerators Losses: < 0.1% of 100 GW $0.8 B construction (= $0.008/watt !!??) $340 M/yr Ops (mostly 3 MW fridge) Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  21. 1972-1986: BNL 1,000 MVA AC Transmission Line Almost all HTS power projects between 1986 and 2012 have been AC, not DC Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  22. Potsdam Workshop – May 2011 • Long-distance DC power transmission • Authors Steve Eckroad (EPRI) and Adela Marian (IASS) • 3-11-11: Tohoku earthquake, Fukushima disaster • 5-30-11: Chancellor Merkel announces closure of Germany’s Nuclear power plants To Europe • Workshop hosts: Nobel Laureates Carlo Rubbia and Alex Müller • How can Europe increase renewable energy fraction by 15% per decade? • 35% by 2020, 50% by 2030, 65% by 2040, 80% by 2050 • 20-20-20 by 2020: 20% less GHG, 20% more conservation, 20% of energy is renewable >1 TW-year at 15% solar efficiency Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  23. Outlook and Opportunity • Outcome of Potsdam workshop: • HVAC – on land, short runs, where rights of way are cheap • UHVDC – under water, long travel (China: 35 projects W to E) • SC – huge capacity in small right of way • DC cable designs exist now @ 10 to 100 GW rating • 1,000 km project = 1 accelerator = $10B • $10B / 100 GW = $0.10/watt • SC capacity increases at low T • 77K / HTS in LN2 • 20K / MgB2, Liquid Hydrogen? • 5K / Nb-Ti or Nb3Sn, LHe • >1 ton SC per km!! • Need reliable refrigeration • LNG: 99.99% reliable GW Foster et al, Proc. PAC 1999 100 kA drive conductor (10 GW at 100kV) EPRI DC cable Hassenzahl W V et al 2009 Program on Technology Innovation: A Superconducting DC Cable (Palo Alto, CA: EPRI) p 1020458 Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  24. 10+ MW Wind Turbines A Abrahamsen et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol.23(2010) 034019 • Power = 0.5 rp R2 v3wind times C(w, pitch angle) • Big windmills extract more power from wind due to larger area • Gearboxes are heavy  direct-drive turbines for > 5 MW • SC = higher power density than permanent magnets, and uses 1000x less Rare Earth elements Image from GE Website Wind speed distribution 2012-2013: GE (shown) and AMSC complete trials of 10 MW turbines. Key advances: 35-50 K operation, cold rotating seals, and low shaft heat conduction Fig. 3 from Abrahamsen et al. Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  25. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage – Choi & Kim • Sustainable energy sources need storage systems • Electrical storage systems provide fast response • Can units be sized for the grid? Super-capacitor Compressed air Flywheel Pumped hydro Battery Chart from EPRI 2002 Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or Distribution Applications, #1007189 Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  26. SMES – Status and Outlook • Factory-sized backup units using LTS can be shipped on a semi trailer, complete with cryogenics • Idea: 1971, products c. 2000 • HTS is now poised to miniaturize cryogenics and “package” this application • Scale to grid installations? • Wind-farm leveling • Grids with large fractions of distributed generation • Microgrids, Grid islands From Choi and Kim – HTS SMES units Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  27. Area 4:Green energy consumption Maglev Ship propulsion Aircraft? Computing CO2 emissions, g / (p-km) Air: 120 Car: 116 CO2 emissions per passenger-km in Europe, 1995-2009 Source: European Environment Agency Train: 43 Boat: 40 Year Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  28. To Fly, Drive, or take the Train? • A 1,200 seat train running every 12 minutes at high speed provides capacity (passenger-meters per hour) comparable to a 6-lane freeway, but with 40% of the land • Saturation of landing slots limits air travel capacity for regional (< 500 km) connections • Tokyo to Osaka: 100 flights daily, 16% of share Authors Z Deng, J Zheng, J Wang In reference to Yan L 2000 Eng. Sci. 2 8 (in Chinese) Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  29. Maglev – Japan Railways, M Terai • Faster trains compete against air travel competition • 581 km/hr Yamanashi prototype test line now being connected to Chuo Shinkansen • Specifications: • 505 km/hr, 10 cm levitation • “Linear motor” track design, active stability controls • Nb-Ti in prototype (5.5 T), HTS success in 2000 • Const. start 2027, done 2045 • 9 T JPY ($90 B), private (JR) Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  30. Outlook – Faster, Quieter, and Personal - Deng, Zheng, & Wang • Evacuated tube Maglev is being investigated in China • Wind resistance at 500 km/hr might create 90 dB noise • Noise scales as velocity to the power 8 • Bird strikes, weather, debris, … challenges of 500+ kph over land • Automobile-sized vehicles – Buckle up! • COBRA 200 m test project ready to start in Brazil • “Flux-pinning” type YBCO with intrinsic stability • No active controls; like popular laboratory demonstrations • Propulsion system is not connected to suspension system • Liquid nitrogen, “permanent magnet” HTS bulk Brazil China Germany Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  31. Large Generators and Large Motors – K Umemoto • Ships, jets, and electricity generation • All have a common goal: Megawatts from as little fuel as possible • Connect the generator “semi trailer” to an electric motor for ship propulsion • Electric generators can spin (ship) blades at the most fuel-efficient speed without loss of torque • No shaft, saves space on a ship, can be incorporated as a rotatable pod • SC motor can be more compact • US Navy development over last decade • 36.5 MW HTS motor, $78 M budget (for 2) • Challenges: endurance, reliability, cost From Umemoto (Kawasaki Heavy Ind.) Siemens USS Independence - 25 MW US Navy, FSU-CAPS, and American Superconductor Corp. 36.5 MW Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  32. Electric Airplanes? • Separate the generator from the propulsion unit • Multiple ducted fans, can be vectored like pods on ships • Fans present opportunities for noise reduction • Eliminate the compressor by using LH2 as both fuel and cryogen • SC motors could have 10x higher specific power density Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  33. Energy Efficient High-End Computing – O Mukhanov • The carbon footprint of data centers will exceed that of the airline industry by 2020. • Google: 1.5 Mt carbon (2010); Facebook 285 kt (2011) • Facebook’s new data center (2013) in Sweden: 120 MW, located near hydro power source with 2x capacity of Hoover Dam • Exascale computing targets 20 MW machine • Heat density on processors > re-entry to atmosphere on Apollo • Joules per bit is the important index of thermal management • Is an exascale computer even possible by scaling? See detail… Detail from a DARPA study on exascale computing, courtesy of O. Mukhanov Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  34. Josephson Junctions on Chips: Single Flux Quantum Logic • Energy per switching 10-19 J • Communications needs (e.g. remote cell phone towers) have propelled development of various SFQ systems, complete with refrigeration • Ballistic interconnects, no static dissipation from bias resistors, DC bias power… All advantages for reducing dissipation by 100x • Operation at 10s to 100s of GHz ADR-7 – Complete cryogenic Digital-RF satellite communication receiver system RSFQ chip: 1 cm2, 11K Josephson junctions, 30 GHz clock Band-pass ADC integrated with digital signal processor Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  35. Hypres’ 20 GHz RSFQ 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Number of JJs = 7710 T. Filippov, M. Dorojevets, A. Sahu, A. Kirichenko, C. Ayala, O. Mukhanov, “8-bit Asynchronous Wave-pipelined RSFQ Arithmetic-Logic Unit” IEEE Trans. on Appl. Supercond., vol.21, no 3, pp. 847-851, June 2011. Courtesy of O Mukhanov Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  36. The High-End Computing Challenge and Opportunity • Superconducting SFQ logic offers unique solutions to the heat density problem • Challenge: Lack of dense random access memory • Opportunity: Quantum spin systems for memory – can these be integrated? Courtesy of O Mukhanov Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  37. Summary thoughts The general message: Great things can happen because HTS superconductors bring versatility, compactness, packageability, and properties at 40-80 K much like those of LTS, from which many prototypes of environmental applications emerged. Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  38. Additional themes to take away from this presentation • Reliability, Endurance… Superconductor prototypes are at various stages of pilot development • “Tons” • 1 particle accelerator = about 1,000 tons of superconductor • Many of the environment applications require hundreds or thousands of tons of supercondutor • Nb-Ti annual production is about 2,000 tons – OK! • Nb3Sn will deliver 600 tons for ITER • HTS is just now encroaching on “tons”, e.g. conductor delivered for 36.5 MW motor • Application Pull? Or development Push? Chicken-and-Egg … • “Superconductor inside” packages • HTS provides access to pour-able coolant and wall-plug cryo Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

  39. Last Thoughts – Future or Fantasy?? Disclaimer! Thoughts of L Cooley only Future Fantasy (none) Farms on battlefields Earthquake prediction? (none) Trans-continental SC lines GW offshore farms? Maglev in USA (none) LH2 electric planes (none) • HGMS water treatment • Towed gradiometers • Global event data • THz diagnostics • SC power corridors to cities • GW wind farms • Regional Maglev • SC ship motors • GE-Boeing electric plane • Hybrid Blue Gene EX Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment

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