Forms of Imperial Control

2. Forms of Imperial Control

3. Forms of Imperialism • Direct military intervention total control of the country • Protectorate - own govt. but “guided” by mother country • Sphere of influence - imperialist hold exclusive economic interests • But overall aim was to gain the most at the least expense

4. Forms of Colonial Control

5. New Patterns of Government

6. Colonization under Direct Rule Direct rule- Under direct rule, colonies featured administrative districts headed by European personnel who assumed responsibility for tax collection, labor and military recruitment, and the maintenance of law and order. Administrative boundaries intentionally cut across existing African political and ethnic boundaries in order to divide and weaken potentially powerful indigenous (native) groups.

7. Difficulties Under Direct Rule Constant shortage of European personnel Ex. In French West Africa some thirty-six hundred Europeans tried to rule over an African population of more than nine million. The combination of long distancesand slow transport limited effective communication between regional authorities and officials in remote areas. An inability to speak local languages and a limited understanding of local customs among European officials further undermined their effective administration.

8. Colonization under Indirect Rule A British colonial administrator Frederick D. Lugard was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which the British employed in many of its African colonies. Lugard wrote The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. In this he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous (native) institutions.

9. Frederick D. Lugard

10. Indirect Control • Lugard thought that by using tribal and customary laws Europeans could establish a strong foundation for colonial rule. • Forms of indirect rule worked in regions where Africans had already established strong and highly organized states • Often this plan was not effective, especially in the regions that were not well organized under the control of its colonial leaders.

11. Difficulties Under Indirect Rule Many colonial leaders were confused by the complexity of tribal laws and boundaries and imposed their own idea of what they thought was tribal boundaries and tribal laws. This was done with little regard to the differences between tribes and these tribes were split up into what Europeans thought was acceptable boundaries. These colonial boundaries divided ethnic groups or grouped traditional enemies. Some groups were even given limited access to water in their newly drawn up lines of tribal territories.

12. Results of Indirect Rule As a result of colonial rule with little regard to African’s tribal boundaries and practices many African nations today are fighting tribal wars Ex.(Rwandan genocide) and still having disputes over land for reasons such as ethnic dominance and control over natural resources.

13. Management Methods

14. Forms of ImperialismExamples of Differences Between French and British • The French used their colonial officials to govern, spread French culture, and make territories overseas extensions of France • The British focused strictly on administration and were less apt to convert colonial peoples to British ways • The British often allowed local rulers to govern territories as their representatives

15. Berlin Conference

16. The Division of Africa • Diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) were discovered in South Africa. • Berlin Conference (1884-85): • 14 European nations agreed to lay down rules for the division of Africa. • No African ruler was invited to this conference. • Demand of Raw Materials: Africa was rich in mineral resources like copper and tin in the Congo and gold and diamonds in South Africa. • Cash crop plantations for peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber were also developed.

17. Berlin Conference 1884 • GOALS: to promote the three c’s • Commerce • Christianity • civilization • Ensure Free trade • Ensure free navigation on Niger River • Agree to rules to divide up Africa

18. Also, there was the question of how to divvy up Africa in an orderly manner… • Of course, no one asked the native Africans. • Over time, “warring” tribes would be placed together • Straight lines in Africa and the Middle East clearly indicate “imperial” meddling.

19. The Berlin Conference laid down certain rules-- A European power with holdings on the coast had prior rights Occupation must include administrators or troops Each power must give notice to the others of what territories it considered its own THE REAL SCRAMBLE BEGAN!

20. African Colonization • 1884 Berlin Conference: European powers meet and agree on how to divide Africa into colonies. • Only Liberia and Ethiopia remain independent.

21. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

22. England, France, and Germany take the most territory. • France takes most of the Sahel.

23. British Colonies in Africa

24. Why would the British have the largest empire? Industrial demands, need for navy

25. British imperialism Cartoon Pro-England or Anti-England?

26. Division in Africa No Regard for Tradition • European nations competed aggressively for other territories • 1884–1885, European leaders met in Berlin to divide African territory • Tried to prevent conflict between European nations • Berlin Conference—for European nation to claim new African territory, it had to prove it could control territory • No attention paid to ethnic boundaries in dividing Africa Suez Canal • 1869, Suez Canal influenced Britain’s interest in Egypt • Canal linked Mediterranean with Red Sea, shortened trip from Europe to Indian Ocean; no need to sail around southern tip of Africa • 1882, Egyptian government appeared unstable; British occupied Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal; later established partial control as protectorate to ensure British access to canal

27. BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA • Egypt – in name ruled by Ottoman Turks, but largely independent • European capital investments • Suez Canal opened in 1869 • Built by the Egyptians and French • Taken over by the British (1875) • British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli • Bought shares in Suez Canal Company from Egypt • Egypt was nearly bankrupt from the expense of building the Suez Canal • British government became largest shareholder

28. EUROPEANS IN EGYPT • 1870s – with the Egyptian government bankrupt, the British and French took over financial control of the country • Egyptian monarchs (technically Ottoman viceroys) ruled as puppet leaders • 1882 – Egyptian nationalist rebellion • France withdrew its troops • Great Britain left in control of Egypt • Lord Cromer introduced reforms • De facto British protectorate • Made official in 1914 • Independence came in 1922

29. Suez Canal

30. BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA • Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) • Named for Cecil Rhodes • North of Union of South Africa • Bechuanaland (now Botswana) • 1885 – became a British protectorate • Kenya • 1888 – became a British protectorate

31. BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA • Sudan • Area south of Egypt • Under Anglo-Egyptian control • Cotton needed for British textile mills • Entente Cordiale (1904) • Great Britain controlled Sudan • France controlled Morocco • Cape-to-Cairo Railroad • Idea of Cecil Rhodes • Would secure Great Britain’s dominance in Africa • Never completed – sections missing through modern Sudan and Uganda

32. Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls

33. South Africa • Cecil RhodesKimberley • Dr JamesonJameson Raid, unsuccessful attempt to take over Boer regions. • Boer War (1899-1902) British eventually won a war of attrition

34. Soon after that, the British got involved in the Boer War—The Germans supported the Boers, while the British were ultimately victorious.

35. South Africa • By 1880 European nations only controlled 10% of Africa • The British took the Dutch settlement of Cape Town after the Napoleonic Wars • Boers - Dutch descendents moved northward to avoid the British. Vortrekkers - The Great Trek created two independent states:Orange Free State and Transvaal • After 1853 the Boers proclaimed political independence and fought the British • By 1880 British and Boer settlers controlled much of South Africa

36. Second Boer War • The Second Boer War was In 1899, the Boers end up taking up arms against the British. • This is the first “total war”. The Boers use commando raids and guerilla tactics against the British. • The British burn Boer farms and imprison women and children in concentration camps. • The British finally won this war. • In 1910 the Boer Republic joins the Union of South Africa.

37. Dead British soldiers lying in trenches after the Battle of Spion Kop, near Ladysmith, Natal

38. French and German Colonies in Africa

39. French and Germans • French West Africa • West Africa, leader of Malinke peoples, Samory Touré, formed army to fight against French rule; fought for 15 years; proclaimed self king of Guinea • 1898, French defeated Touré, ended resistance to French rule in West Africa • German East Africa • Africans called on gods, ancestors for spiritual guidance in resistance • 1905, several African peoples united to rebel against Germans’ order to grow cotton for export to Germany • Rebellion Put Down • To combat Germans, spiritual leader encouraged followers to sprinkle magic water over bodies to protect selves from German bullets; did not work • Rebellion quickly put down; Germans killed tens of thousands of Africans

40. FRENCH IN AFRICA • Algeria • 1830 – invasion • 1831 – annexation • Tunis • 1881 – controlled by France • Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany • Morocco • 1881 – large part under French control • 1905 and 1911 – nearly sparked a European war between France and Germany • 1906 – Algeciras Conference – Germany recognized French rights in Morocco • 1911 – Agadir Crisis – Germany recognized French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for part of France’s territory in the Congo

41. FRENCH IN AFRICA • Madagascar • 1896 – controlled by France • Somaliland • 1880s – partly under French control • West Africa • Late 1800s – largely under French control • Sudan • 1898 – met Britain’s area of control and nearly went to war • Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in Africa

42. FRENCH IN AFRICA • By World War I – 1914 • France controlled 3,250,000 square miles in Africa • 14 times the area of France • France ruled 30,000,000 Africans • 75% of the population of France

43. GERMANS IN AFRICA • Togoland (now Togo and Ghana) • Cameroons (now Cameroon and Nigeria) • Southwest Africa (now Namibia) • East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania)

44. Belgian Colonies in Africa

45. The Congo "I do not want to risk...losing a fine chance to secure for ourselves a slice of this magnificent African cake.”--Leopold II Belgian Congo

46. BELGIANS IN AFRICA • 1908 • Belgium gained control of Congo (Congo Free State) from King Leopold II • Leopold was infamous for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo • Congo Free State (today’s Democratic Republic of Congo) • 80 times the size of Belgium • Source of uranium

47. KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909) • Took over land in central Africa • Berlin Conference (1885) • Leopold’s control over Congo Free State recognized by major powers • Belgian Congo (1908) • Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo • Leopold forced to sell Congo Free State to Belgian government • Renamed Belgian Congo • Created European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa” • Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold, ivory, rubber

48. The Congo Free State: Leopold’s False Promises • European countries recognized Leopold’s claim to the territory in 1885 because of: • Stanley’s treaties for Leopold • Leopold’s assurances that he would end slavery • Leopold’s promise that the Congo would remain a free trade area. • The colony “belonged” to Leopold personally.

49. Leopold waged a skillful public relations campaign to promote his “Congo Free State” as an effort to stop the Arabs from running a slave trade in Africa. This, of course, was a ruse. Slave raids such as this one carried out by the kingdom of Dahomey in return for European muskets and money provided Leopold II with his “humanitarian” excuse for going into the Congo.

50. The Congo Free State :“The Profit Imperative” • Leopold drove slave traders out and portrayed it as humanitarian act. • Reality: he did it to gain control of region. • Leopold paid his ‘agents’ in the Congo a percentage of profits, encouraging them to make the trade more and more profitable. • Also authorized the use of as much force as was deemed necessary.