Generation of Transgenic Plants

1. Generation of Transgenic Plants leaf single cell transformation of cell (gene transfer) Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene gun protoplast transformation regeneration transformed cell callus culture transgenic plant

2. Cultivation of Transgenic Plants in 2005

3. Gene Transfer by Gene Gun (Biolistic)

4. Gene Transfer by Gene Gun in Plant Cells pressure compartment suppport for DNA-coated particles breaking plate DNA-coated particles scattering grid plant tissue in petri dish

5. Generation of Transgenic Plants leaf single cell transformation of cell (gene transfer) Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene gun protoplast transformation regeneration transformed cell callus culture transgenic plant

6. RoundupReady Soy Beans (RRS) • Soy beans are processed to soy oil and bruised grain • 30.000 food products contain soy oil (chips, ice cream, bakery products, candy bars...) • RoundupReady soy beans are resistant against the herbicide „Roundup“, [glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine)] sold by Monsanto • Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme EPSPS (3-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-5-phosphate-synthase) which is needed for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids • Cells die without aromatic amino acids

7. Glyphosate - Mode of Action -

8. RoundupReady Soy Beans (RRS) • Soy beans are processed to soy oil and bruised grain • 30.000 food products contain soy oil (chips, ice cream, bakery products, candy bars...) • RoundupReady soy beans are resistant against the herbicide „Roundup“, [glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine)] sold by Monsanto • Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme EPSPS (3-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-5-phosphate-synthase) which is needed for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids • Cells die without aromatic amino acids • RoundupReady soy beans contain a glyphosate-resistant bacterial gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens CP4 • 30% reduction of use of glyphosate • RoundupReady soy beans is sold by Monsanto • USA produces 60 million tons of soy beans per year (50% of worldwide harvest) ---------------------

9. Vector for Glyphosate Resistance

10. Labeling • Food, food ingredients and food supplement have to be labeled when they are GMO, consist of GMO or contain material of GMO • Labeling is required when the percentage of GMO material is greater than 0.9% in food containing a mixture of normal and GMO material Examples: • Food or food supplement are GMOs: GM tomato, GM patato, GM corn, GM fish... • Food or food supplement contain GMOs: GM bacteria in yogurt, GM yeast in beer... • Food or food ingredients are derived from GMO: oil from GM soy beans or GM corn, sugar form GM sugar beet, starch from GM corn... • Food or food supplement are isolated from GMO: Vitamin C, vitamin B2, glutamate... Labeling is not required when • meat, eggs or milk comes from animals fed with GMO plants • Material from GMO fed to microorganisms, e.g. yeast cells fed with starch from GM corn • enzymes isolated from GMO: chymosin produced by GM bacteria --------------------------------------------- GMO genetically modified organism

11. End