Development

1. Development AP Human Geography

2. Basic Terminology • Development—process of improving the material conditions of people throughdiffusion of knowledge and technology • Developmental Continuum • More Developed Country (MDC)—“Relatively Developed Countries,” “Developed Countries” • Less Developed Country (LDC)—“Developing Countries” • Problems: • Loaded terms…is this fair??? • More Developed ≈ “Modern, Rich”—First World • Developing ≈ “Backward, Poor”—Third World • How do you measure “all” material conditions? • How do you come up with a measure that works to describe conditions in nearly 200 countries?

3. Developmental Indicators • Economic Indicators • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Labor force occupation (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary industries…Quaternary???), Productivity (value added), Consumer goods (phones, automobiles, televisions, etc.) • Social Indicators • Education and Literacy • Average number of years of school attended, Student/teacher ratio, Literacy rate, Educational Expenditures • Health and Welfare • Ratio of people to hospitals, doctors, etc., Diet (total calories available per person per day) • Demographic Indicators • Life Expectancy at birth, Infant Mortality Rate, Rate of Natural Increase, Crude Birth Rate • Why not Crude Death Rate?

4. Developmental Indicators Percentage employment in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of MDCs has changed dramatically, but change has been slower in LDCs.

5. Developmental Indicators Lab • How to calculate per capita…US Population: 313,847,465 • US Telephones (main lines) per capita: 146,000,000 146,000,000 / 313,847,465 = .46519 .46519 x 1000 = 465 per 1,000 population • US Cell Phones per capita: 313,848,000 313,848,000 / 313,847,465 =1.000 1.000 x 1000 = 1,000 per 1,000 population • Internet Users as a percent: 245 million 245,000,000 / 313,847,465 = .78 .78 x 100 = 78% of population • CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

6. 10 9 1. Benin 2. Liberia 3. Guinea 4. Nigeria 5. Tanzania 6. Gabon 7. Republic of Congo 8. Angola 9. Sudan 10. Niger 11. Ivory Coast 12. Botswana 13. Ethiopia 14. Burundi 15. Lesotho 4 13 3 2 1 11 14 6 5 7 8 12 15

7. Gapminder Lab • Did you find any particularly interesting graphs under the “Graphs Menu”? • What indicators can you find that have a high degree of correlation and in which countries? (e.g. carbon dioxide emissions and income) • What patterns/geographic relationship do you notice in terms of regions/countries that are more developed than others?

8. Human Development Index (HDI) Computing the HDI • ECONOMIC: Gross Domestic Product per capita (this is calculated in terms of purchasing power parity [PPP], in US dollars) • GNI vs. GDP—GNI includes profits for companies/individuals from outside the country’s borders (GDP=location, GNI=ownership) • SOCIAL: Education (calculated based on adult literacy and on total school enrollment) • DEMOGRAPHIC: Life expectancy at birth • The actual formula used is: • HDI= (1/3 * economic)+( 1/3 * social)+( 1/3 * demographic)

9. Human Development Index (HDI) 0.93 0.80 0.94 0.94 0.76 0.68 0.58 0.80 0.58 0.51 0.87

10. Alternative Development Measures: • Human Poverty Index (HPI)—Calculated by the UNDP • Health: child mortality, nutrition • Education: Years of school, children enrolled • Living standards: cooking fuel, toilet, water, electricity, floor (ie. non-dirt, sand, or dung floor), assets (consumer goods) • http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hd_map/hpi/

11. Alternative Development Measures: • “Hedonometer”—many, many attempts… map is just one version • Instead of comparing “material well being,” comparing “happiness.” • A few variables to consider: • Understanding and controlling one's environment • Social support from family and friends • Satisfaction of sex and parental drives • Physical well-being • Esthetic and sensory satisfaction • Satisfaction of exploratory drives (learning)

12. Alternative Development Measures: • GINI Coefficient (Index or Ratio)—measures the gap between rich and poor (0=perfect parity, higher=greater disparity)—depends on income distribution

13. Alternative Development Measures: • Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)—Calculated by the UNDP—(map from 2005) • Calculated based on gender-gaps in life expectancy, education, and incomes Total Fertility Rates

14. Alternative Development Measures: • Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)— Calculated by the UNDP Focuses on women’s opportunities in three areas: • Women’s and men’s percentage shares of positions as legislators (women’s and men’s percentage shares of parliamentary [congressional] seats), senior officials and managers; • Women’s and men’s percentage shares of professional and technical positions. • Power over economic resources (women’s and men’s estimated earned income). • Computing the GEM is complicated, but the results make comparisons among countries and regions fairly simple.

15. FRQ: Geography of Gender • Answer the following question using your notes and textbook: • According to the Gender-Related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure, inequality between men and women continues to be a global concern. Apply the following factors to explain why this situation continues to exist. • 2 political factors, 2 social factors, 2 economic factors • You must use specific examples from at least 2 of the following regions in the world: • Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, The Middle East, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia

16. Gender Inequality • Political Factors… • Institutionalized exclusion • Historical participation • Media • Social Factors… • TFR • Gender specific roles (breadwinner vs. housewife) • Nurse, teacher, housekeeper, waitress, stewardess • Educational access • Violence • Sex-selective abortion, honor killing • Economic Factors… • Education, training, experience • Job specialization • “Occupational segregation” • Statistical discrimination (ie. leaving workforce, pregnancy)

17. The “North-South Split” The less developed regions include Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, are largely below 30 degrees north.

18. Model of Core and Periphery • Theory… (based in part on Wallerstein’s “World Systems Model”) as general prosperity grows worldwide, the majority of that growth is enjoyed by a 'core' region of wealthy countries despite being severely outnumbered in population by those in a 'periphery‘ • will also sometimes include “inner-core” and “semi-periphery” (emphasized by Wallerstein) • 15% of the global population enjoying 75% of the world's annual income—MDC’s (1/5th of the pop.) consume 5/6th’s of the world’s goods • Causes: • Dependency Theory: colonialism resulted in economic exploitation, and left regions unable to compete in a global market • Other Applications of the Model: • Can apply historically (ie. Roman Empire), or even within countries (ie. Northeastern US, or Atlanta and it’s outlying areas)

19. Model of Core and Periphery • “Core”—Europe (excluding Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus), the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Israel • Positive characteristics of globalization typically occur: transnational links, modern development (i.e. higher wages, access to healthcare, adequate food/water/shelter), scientific innovation, and increasing economic prosperity (ie. growing tertiary sector) • Heavily influence citizens of the periphery (90% of world "leaders" have a degree from a Western university) • “Periphery”—Africa, South America, Asia (excluding Japan and South Korea), and Russia and many of its neighbors • Generally characterized by: extreme poverty, low standard of living, non-existent health care in many places, less access to potable water, poor infrastructure, rural to urban migration, and faster population growth (resulting in megacities and slums)

20. Model of Core and Periphery • Division and Conflict • 30° N— “North-South Split” • Immigration • US-Mexico Border Fence, Carribean • Australia-Southeast Asia • Europe-North Africa • Korean DMZ • Cyprus’ Green Line

21. Increasing Development • W.W. Rostow'sDevelopment Model (1950s) • “The Traditional Society”—high percentage in agriculture, wealth allocated “non-productive” activities (ie. military, religion) • “Preconditions for Takeoff”—elites invest in economic activities, investment in technology/infrastructure • “The Takeoff”—rapid growth in a limited number of economic activities (textiles, food products) • “The Drive to Maturity”—modern technology diffuses to a wide variety of industries, more specialized workers • “The Age of Mass Consumption”— production shifts from heavy industry to consumer goods • **“Post-Industrial”**–not Rostow’s…some would now add a sixth stage:

22. Approaches to Increasing Development Self-Sufficiency • Insulate domestic industries: • Quotas • Tariffs • “Import Substitution” • Licensing/Redtape • Problems: • Inefficiency • Bureaucracy/corruption Many roads in Africa and other developing nations are not paved. This and other problems of infrastructure are obstacles to economic development.

23. Approaches to Increasing Development • International Trade—Develop industry, focusing on exports/services—invest in a “distinctive or unique” asset • Asian Dragons—South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong • Manufactured goods (clothing and electronics)—utilizing low labor costs • Arabian Peninsula states—Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE • Escalating oil prices in the 1970’s—funneled into infrastructure (housing, highways, airports, telecom., and universities) in addition to consumer goods • World Trade Organization (WTO)—promotes trade development through loans

24. International Trade Failures • Lack of/uneven resource distribution • Dependence on MDC’s • Market stagnation • LDC Working Conditions • “Race to the bottom” • Fair Trade—movement to ensure products are made and created at uniform working standards/wages in LDC’s and MDC’s • Unequal distribution of Foreign Direct Investment • Microfinance • LDC Debt • Jubilee 2000 Proposal

25. Agriculture • Agriculture—the deliberate modification of the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

26. Agriculture: Pre-Agricultural World • Hunters & Gatherers (Foragers) • Paleolithic Age (???-8,000BCE) • Causes of shift: • Evolutionary theory • “Accidental” • Climate Change • Carl Sauer’s Theory • Agricultural Revolution • Neolithic Age (8,000BCE-3,000 BCCE)

27. Agriculture: Origins • Is agriculture inevitable? • Is agriculture even preferable? • Vulnerability to war, fire, disease, drought • Work harder and longer

28. Agriculture: Origins • Vegetative Planting (Sauer) • Southeast Asia (14,000-35,000 years ago) • Independently in Africa, South America

29. Agriculture: Origins • Seed Agriculture (Sauer) • Independently in Western India, Northern China, Ethiopia, Mexico and Northern Peru • Spread to Middle East (according to Sauer) and Europe Middle East first to domesticate animals

30. Agriculture: Origins • What is “domestication?” • Gigantism (bigger seeds or fruits) • Altering seed dispersal, pollination, flowering structure/cycles • Loss of bitter or toxic substances • Changes in floral structures or pollination schemes • Diversity of form • Loss of mechanisms to protect against predators

31. Von Thunen Model

32. Von Thunen Activity Part II: Answer after working through the collaborative (group) assignment: • Identify and discuss a specific agricultural example that supports von Thunen’sassumptions. • Identify and discuss a specific agricultural example that does not support von Thunen’s assumptions. • Does the process of modern agribusiness and vertical integration support the premise of von Thunen’s locational theory of agriculture? Part III: Conclusions • After completing the chart above, determine which crop should be grown at each distance in order to produce the most profit. • What flaws do you see in this thinking? ie. What key variables does this not take into account?

33. Von Thunen Model • Is the Von Thunen Model still relevant??? • Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China. • Found: • farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively • methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.

34. Second Agricultural Revolution European Crop Rotation • Led to the Industrial Revolution (1800’s)—”enclosure movement” • A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses • seed drill • new crops-potatoes & corn • advances in livestock breeding • new soil preparation methods & new fertilizers

35. Third Agriculture RevolutionThe “Green Revolution” • Invention of high-yield grains (1970’s and 1980’s) • increased production of rice, new varieties in wheat and corn, reduced famines due to crop failure, now most famines are due to political problems, impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest where rice is produced • Opposition argues Green Revolution has led to: • vulnerability to pests (dependence on one variety) • Soil erosion • Water shortages • Dependency on chemicals for production • Loss of control over seeds • Small farms can’t take advantage of the innovations • India 4 acres, Bangladesh 1.8 acres, China ½ acre

36. In this unit I think… Development Agriculture these are the two most important models. these are the three most important concepts. this is the most likely FRQ discussion question. these are the three most important vocabulary words. • these are the two most important models. • these are the three most important concepts. • this is the most likely FRQ discussion question. • these are the three most important vocabulary words.