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Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal Antibodies. What Are Antibodies?. Antibodies: Produced by the immune system to kill toxins , allergens , or pathogens B-lymphocytes Bind to specific antigens Made of protein

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Monoclonal Antibodies

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  1. Monoclonal Antibodies

  2. What Are Antibodies? • Antibodies: • Produced by the immune system to kill toxins, allergens, or pathogens • B-lymphocytes • Bind to specific antigens • Made of protein • Can either label the bacteria cell so phagocytes can find the faster, kill it direct, or immobilize it

  3. There Is Big Money Here • Antigen specific super weapons would be great for fighting disease! • Big Catch-22 of Biology • There are two kinds of B-lymphocytes • Memory cells divide but do NOT produce antibodies • Plasma cells produce antibodies but do NOT divide • How are we suppose to produce antibodies in mass? • Change memory cells to plasma cells and hope we get the right antigen? • Slowly collect plasma cells from the same infected organism over a long time?

  4. Saved By Cancer! • In 1975, hybridoma cells were invented • Fused cell made of a plasma cell and a cancer cell • Plasma cell part makes antibodies • Cancer cell part makes it divide indefinitely • Woot!Now we got a way to make antibodies, lets make them in mass for things like pregnancy tests

  5. Frogs and Pregnant Humans • Modern day pregnancy test look for hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) in the urine using hCG antibodies • Ancient pregnancy tests had women put a frog in their urine. Why? • Frogs react to hCG too • hCG in urine is absorbed by the frogs skin and causes ovulation • If you are pregnant, the frog will lay a batch of eggs

  6. Mice and Pregnant Humans • How to make hCG Antibodies: • Inject mouse with hCG and its immune system will make plasma cells for hCG antibodies • Isolate plasma cells from blood and form hybridomas by fusing them with mouse myeloma cells • Grow hCGantibodies in mass

  7. How Pregnancy Tests Work • Dipstick tip is covered with hCG antibodies bound to gold particles; these bind to hCG is in the urine • As urine travels up the stick, more hCG-gold antibody complex are carried with it (B) • At some point the hCG-gold complex bind to immobilized anti-hCG-gold monoclonal antibodies on the stick (C) • If enough gold is carried up, a line appears that shows you are pregnant • Higher up are immobilized enzymes that don’t need hCGto make a line appear. Why? (D) • Control to show the antibodies are still working

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