The 19C: beginning of a Concert

1. The 19C: beginning of a Concert Settling with France • assured containment • anti-revolutionary in France • control of liberal elements everywhere • look for: a willingness to intervene in foreign states, and unwillingness to do so The Alliance system • carefully crafted between states rather than individuals • mindful that revolution anywhere could upset the balance • sets European diplomatic relations for the century • places the ‘row of dominos’ that begin WWI

2. The new political face of Europe http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=dY0Htcnz0ys&feature=related

3. The Nature of the Movement • coalition tenuous: fear of Napoleon and hostility towards France’s ambitions • Key diplomats: Viscount Castlereagh of Britain Tallyrand of France Metternich of Austria • Key concepts: ‘Balance of Power’ containment of revolution political status quo – or turn the clock back • Ideologically: conservative [gradual and managed change] but internal nationalism difficult to control – origins both inspired by and anti-French concept of irridentalism

4. The emotional face of Europenations and nationalism • became prominent in 19C • political and cultural meanings • distinct from clan, religious, regional identities • usually based on shared language, • customs, values, historical experience • sometimes common religion • nation has immediate association with space cultural nationalism political nationalism

5. And this is no easy process: in France • post-congress Louis XVIII (Count of Province, older of Louis XVI’s brothers) restored quiet -- until • 1824 Count of Artois - Charles X and moderate liberalism restored press censorship dissolved the chamber reduced the electoral body • barricades in Paris; Charles forced to flee briefly; Algerian troops – foreign – used against people] • moderates formed a National Guard; Louis-Philippe became the constitutional king of France [son of the Duke of Orleans] • after 1833 internal conflicts NEVER ended:– more killed then than in all of the Terror • changed the urban landscape of Paris forever

6. From Revolution to War: early 1830s, 1840s Europe experienced multiple revolutions from the early 1830s on • in part, protests against the Vienna peace settlement • liberals and nationalists felt their hard won rights were pushed back by a reactionary ‘old order’ • by 1832 the major powers had quelled all dissent • by the 1870s nationalism had quelled all the Great Powers • in between, both momentous events, and gradual hard-fought political and social developments Due to : political ideologies, and nationalisms ‘The Massacre at Peterloo’ or ‘Britons Strike Home’ (George Cruikshank)

7. after Haussman,no more barricades GustaveCaillebotte. La Place de l’Europe, temps de pluie, 1877

8. But, it is not about space, it is about ideas 1960 1968 2009

9. And identities don’t ‘fit’ neatlycultural definitions/national boundaries A test – ending the slave trade Women: enlightenment revolution Anti-Semitism: indigenous minorities pogroms Alfred Dreyfus Zionism Nations within states: rebellions and unification

10. In the Germanies and Austria: • Metternich has his own problems: Austrian Ministry of the Police highly efficient in Austria in German principalities control not as easy German students provincial diets • Italian elites in northern provinces • Hungary another problem for Austrian Hapsburgs: Magyar aristocracy enjoyed traditional privileges and held appointments due to inheritance • Slovak nationalism in the north: traditionally peasant, now educated groups • Czechs of Bohemia and Slovenia less problematic at this point for the Austrians IRREDENTALISM

11. And Belgium 1648:Treaty of Westphalia 1795: Belgium occupied by France Treaty of Vienna Belgians :: Dutch 3.5 million :: 2 million 1831: Belgium independence 1839: Treaty of London 1885 Congo Free State formed under Leopold II (1835-1909)

12. Conclusionslooking forward into the nineteenth century → contain France [including her at the table] → re-make Europe: conservative, reactionary new, national model diplomacy >> sovereigns not everyone fits: ideology reality → and material change: industrial development control raw materials and control markets :. make it global