Safety Regulations in Computer-Controlled Manufacturing

1. IENG 475 - Lecture 04 Manufacturing Safety IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

2. Safety Regulation • The Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970 created: • NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) which develops standards, performs research, and conducts education and training • OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration) which enforces standards to ensure safe and healthy working conditions IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

3. OSHA Requirements for Employers • “Each employer shall furnish to each of his or her employees employment and a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious harm to his employees and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards under this Act”. IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

4. OSHA Requirements for Employees • Employees have the responsibility to “…comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations and orders issued pursuant to this Act that are applicable to his or her own actions and conduct”. IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

5. Liability • Employers ARE strictly liable for compliance with OSHA regulations • Employees ARE NOT strictly liable for OSHA regulations • BOTH employers and employees may be held to account for safety under general liability • Know or could have reasonably foreseen of a problem and did not take appropriate action • “Deep Pockets” legal theory applies • Professional censure for engineers applies IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

6. Safety Theory – Domino Theory • Herbert Heinrich Study (1920s & 1930s): • 88% caused by unsafe acts • 10% caused by unsafe conditions • 2% caused by unavoidable “acts of God” • Sequence of Factors (dominos): • Ancestry & Social Environment – predisposing factors • Fault of Person (character flaw) – poor choice made • Unsafe Act and Physical Hazard – action taken in the presence of a hazard • Accident – unexpected result • Injury – outcome of unexpected result Removing any domino prevents the accident! IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

7. Safety Theory – Human Factors Theory • Humans are error prone – accident is a chain of events that lead to a human error • Three factors that lead to the error: • Overload – limitations on amount of stress that individuals can handle • Working environment • Health & physical condition • Personal commitments & problems • Job responsibilities • Inappropriate Response – (lack of) experience, training, proper demeanor • Inappropriate Activities – action taken based on incorrect judgement Prevent all three to avoid the accident! IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

8. Safety Theory –Multiple Causation Theory • Extension of Domino Theory – accidents may have multiple causes (more than one domino) but eliminating either one of two categories of causes will prevent an accident • Behavioral – human elements contrary to safe operations, such as: • Inadequate skill or training • Fatigue or inattentiveness • Environmental – physical elements contrary to safe operations, such as: • Inadequate lighting, housekeeping, noise control • Inadequate safeguards, personal protective equipment IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

9. Four Tools for our Lab • Cause & Effect Diagrams • Check Lists • Supervised Training • Practice IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems

10. Questions • Be ON TIME to lab next week • For THIS lab, EP paper & instructions will be provided • Activities: • Safety Equipment • Safety Analysis (individual & team) • Capacity Analysis IENG 475: Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems