The yen to travel, age 2. Born in Washington DC 1955

1. The yen to travel, age 2. Born in Washington DC 1955

2. Shipboard journey to England - 1962 Bill, Steven - US attorney, Michelle MD - Professor of Medicine at Hopkins, Lisa MD - Member, Fox Chase Cancer Research Center

3. A year abroad - age 7

4. Summer Research at NIH - 1971

5. Medical & Graduate School - UVA 1976-1982 PhD work with Bob Wagner on VSV; taught tropical medicine & ID by Jonathan Ravdin (to whom he returns to UVA for ID fellowship in 1985

6. Mary Ann and Bill graduate from Medical School - 1982

7. L to R: Bob Wagner (PhD mentor), Wm Petri Sr., Lionel Poirier (NIH mentor)

8. 1982-5 Medicine Residency at CWRU under Chuck Carpenter

9. At Woods Hole with first 2 grad students from the lab; L to R Jay Purdy (discoverer of DNA transformation for E. histolytica and Jim McCoy (discoverer of the light subunit of the parasite lectin)

10. 2003: Active International Research • Dhaka Bangladesh - Natural history of amebiasis, working with Rashidul Haque • Tblissi Georgia - water-borne outbreak of amebic liver abscess, working with Nina Trapaidze and Shota Tsaverna • New Delhi, India - rRNA transcription in E. histolytica, working with Sudha Bhattacharya • Accra, Ghana - amebiasis and HIV, working with Patrick Ayeh-Kumi • Ankara Turkey - genetic variation in E. histolytica, working with Mehment Tanyuksel

11. In Bangladesh with son David June 2003

12. Field Staff in Dhaka

13. Career-long Colleagues: Barbara Mann, Ph.D.

14. Career-long Colleagues: Rashidul Haque, MBBS, PhD

15. Students, Fellows & Visiting Professors • Patrick Ayeh-Kumi, M.Phil, Lecturer, University of Ghana Medical School • Lucia Braga, M.D. Professor of Gastroenterology, University of Fortaleza, Brazil • Suman Dhar, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India • James Dodson, PhD, Research Assistant Professor, George Mason University • Elizabeth Higgs, MD, Parasitology & International Programs, NIAID • Eric Houpt, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia • Christopher D. Huston, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Vermont • Barbara Mann, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia • James McCoy, PhD, Research Associate, University of Virginia • Jay Purdy, MD, PhD, Fellow in Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa • Girija Ramakrishnan, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor, University of Virginia. • Joanna M. Schaenman, MD, PhD, Chief Resident, Internal Medicine, Stanford • Upinder Singh, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Stanford • Mehmet Tanyuksel, M.D. Professor, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Turkey. • Randy Vines, PhD, Senior Research Scientist, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute

16. ASTMH • 1986: Young Investigator Award • 1992-2001: Scientific Program Chair - a period when attendance and abstracts doubled yet registration fees for students & fellows were reduced to nominal levels • 2003 - Proceeds from the amebiasis antigen detection test donated to ASTMH to fund the Young Investigator Award (in honor of Bill Sr.)

17. 2001- Final year as ASTMH Scientific Program Chair

18. Surrounded by good people: The Petri-Mann Lab Group

19. Andrew, Danny, Sarah, Bill, Rachel, Mary Ann and David

20. America in the World: 100 Years of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene William A. Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. President, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

22. Febrile Illnesses - 18th Century • Fevers determined more by pulse rate than temperature • Intermittent fevers - malaria • Continued fevers • With pox - smallpox or varicella • With petechiae - meningococcemia… • With jaundice - yellow fever

23. Philadelphia - 1793

24. Philadelphia Death Rates: 1690-1990 1793

25. Philadelphia - 1793 • Early July - 2,000 refugees arrive in Philadelphia from slave revolt in Santo Domingo, West Indies • Early August illness strikes: fever, headache and abdominal pain rapidly progressing to death and accompanied by jaundice, coffee ground emesis & hemorrhage

26. Clinical Description • …after a chilly fit of some duration, a quick tense pulse-hot skin-pain in the head, back and limbs-flushed countenance-inflamed eye-moist tongue-oppression and sense of soreness at the stomach…from 3, 4 or even 5 days… • On the febrile symptoms suddenly subsiding, they were immediately succeeded by a yellow tinge in the opaque cornea…black vomit…haemorrhages from the nose, …agitation, deep and distressed sighing, comatose delirium and finally death. • Dr. Wm. Currie, in Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794.

27. Burials:August-November 1793

28. Washington Square, Philadelphia, 6th & Market The appearance of most of the grave yards in Philadelphia is extremely awful. They exhibit a strong likeness of ploughed fields. Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

29. A poor man was taken sick on the road at a village not far from Philadelphia. He lay calling for water a considerable time in vain. At length an old woman brought a pitcher full, and not daring to approach him, she laid it at a distance desiring him to crawl to it which he did. After lying there about forty eight hours, he died; and his body lay in a state of putrefaction for some time… Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

30. A man and wife, once in affluent circumstance, were found lying dead in bed, and between them was their child, a little infant, who was sucking its mother’s breasts. How long they had laid thus, was uncertain. Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

31. The scourge of yellow fever has fallen with extreme severity on some families… of Godfrey Gebler’s family no less than eleven were swept off the face of the earth. Dr. Sproat, his wife, son and daughter--Michael Hay his wife and three children--David Flickwir and five of his family-Samuel Weatherby, wife, and four grown children, are no more Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

32. Of the very large number of persons who have fallen under this disorder, it is not improbable that a half or a third have perished merely for want of necessary care and attention, owing to the extraordinary panic Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

33. With the poor, the case was, as might be expected, infinitely worse than with the rich. Many of these have perished, without a human being to hand them a drink of water… Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

34. Mortality Breakdown -1793

35. It has been denied that a person is twice susceptible of the yellow fever Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

36. Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

37. Mathew Carey, A short history of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia, 1794

38. Cuban Interior - 1900

39. Carlos Juan Finlay (1833 - 1915) Son of a Scottish doctor and a Parisienne, born in Cuba but received early schooling in France Jefferson Medical College Graduate Practiced medicine and ophthalmology in Havana Became fascinated with the transmissibility of yellow fever, and that the agent of disease was in the air

40. Finlay in Havana

41. Aedes aegypti & Carlos Finlay Finlay hypothesizes that the common house mosquito transmits Yellow Fever by directly injecting the blood from an infected person. He does not appreciate the need for an extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito after it takes an infected blood meal. In retrospect, at most only 1 of his 104 experiments from 1881-1898 demonstrates mosquito transmission of Yellow Fever. Many thought that Finlay has disproved his hypothesis.

42. USS Maine entering Havana Harbor, January 25, 1898

43. USS Maine - 2/15/98

44. "Burial of the dead" [1899?] 20,738 cases of typhoid fever, and 1,500 deaths in the first 171,000 American soldiers Yellow fever outbreaks in occupation troops spurs formation of the Commission

45. The United States Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900 - 1901)

46. Walter Reed • Born in Virginia in 1851, MD at age 17 from UVA, then to Bellevue, official of NY Board of Health • 1874-1890 in US Army as physician • Sabbatical at Hopkins with Osler and trained in bacteriology under Welch • 1893 Professor of Bacteriology at the Army Medical School • Established importance of human to human transmission of typhoid fever in Cuba

47.  Jesse William Lazear (1866 -9/25/ 1900) • Born to wealthy family in Baltimore. • Attended Hopkins, Columbia, trained in bacteriology in Europe. • Medical resident & later head of clinical microbiology Hopkins • Assigned to Camp Columbia Feb. 1900 as Asst Surgeon, studies malaria and yellow fever. • Entomologist, makes Reed aware of Ross’ work on malaria, meets Finlay and discusses his hypothesis on mosquito transmission, and who gives him mosquito eggs for experimentation

48. James Carroll • Born in Woolwich, England 6/5/1854; served in US Army starting in 1874 as a private • Medical School at the U. City of NY, UMD, & bacteriology with Wm Welch at Hopkins • First works with Reed at the Army Medical School 1893 • Reed’s assistant at the Bacteriology Labs at Colombian University

49. Aristides Agramonte • Born in Cuba and brought in 1870 to NY as infant after father killed fighting against Spain. • MD from Columbia, bacteriologist with NY City Health Department • Assigned to Military Hospital #1 in Havana as pathologist in charge of the laboratories • Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, • Thought to be immune to Yellow Fever from a childhood infection • An accomplished pathologist who performed most of the autopsies of suspected cases of Yellow Fever

50. George Miller Sternberg (1838-1915) Member of Chaille Commission to Havana Cuba in 1879 that met with Carlos Finlay and concluded the Yellow Fever was perhaps a living entity in the atmosphere Appointed Surgeon General in 1893. Impressed with Walter Reed’s work with Welch at Hopkins, appoints him a Professor at the new Army Medical School. 1900 he establishes the Yellow Fever Commission to Cuba