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Grammar Crammers 51-60

Grammar Crammers 51-60. G. Herbst 2012. States. Standing alone spell out the names of all 50 U.S. states Abbreviating Use abbreviations when states are listed with the name of a city, town, village or military base Ex: Beverly Hills, Calif.; Albany, N.Y.; Detroit, Mich.

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Grammar Crammers 51-60

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  1. Grammar Crammers 51-60 G. Herbst 2012

  2. States • Standing alone • spell out the names of all 50 U.S. states • Abbreviating • Use abbreviations when states are listed with the name of a city, town, village or military base • Ex: Beverly Hills, Calif.; Albany, N.Y.; Detroit, Mich. • If unsure of abbreviations, reference AP Style Guide • NEVER ABBREVIATE in text: • Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas, Utah • Punctuation • Place one comma between the city and state, and another comma after the state name unless ending a sentence • Ex: He was traveling from Nashville, Tenn., to Austin, Texas. • In headlines • Use abbreviations • No periods necessary for those abbreviated with two capital letters • Ex: NY, NJ, NC, SD, RI

  3. Loose, Lose • Loose • Adjective • Ex: Those pants are too loose on you. • Lose • Verb • Ex: It would really be a shame for her to lose her job.

  4. Choose, Chose • Choose • Verb • Present tense • To select from a variety of options • Ex: You need to choose which idea you like best. • Chose • Past tense of choose • Ex: Yesterday, you chose which idea you liked best.

  5. Prefixes • Prefixes • Generally do not hyphenate when using a prefix with a word starting with a consonant • Three constant rules: • Except for cooperate and coordinate, use a hyphen if the prefix ends in a vowel and the word that follows begins with the same vowel • Use a hyphen if the word that follows is capitalized • Use a hyphen to join doubled prefixes: sub-subparagraph

  6. Bi-, Semi- • Bi- • In general, no hyphen • Examples: bifocal, bilateral, bimonthly, bipartisan, bilingual • Semi- • In general, no hyphen • Examples: semifinal, semi-invalid, semiofficial, semitropical

  7. Lightening, Lightning • Lightening • Verb • Ex: I am lightening the load of your backpack. • Lightning • Noun • Electrical discharge • Ex: There was lightning and thunder.

  8. Seasons • Lowercase spring, summer, fall, winter and derivatives such as springtime UNLESS part of a formal name: • EX: Dartmouth Winter Carnival, Summer Olympics, Winter Olympics

  9. Envelop, Envelope • Envelop • Verb • Other forms: enveloping, enveloped • Ex: She couldn’t wait to envelop her arms around her puppy. • Envelope • Noun • Ex: Make sure to properly address your envelope before mailing it.

  10. Media, Medium • Media • In the sense of mass communication, such as magazines, newspapers, the news services, radio, television and on-line, the word is plural • Ex: The news media are resisting attempts to limit their freedom. • Medium • In the sense of art, artists often specialize in a specific medium such as painting, drawing, photography. • Ex: Her chosen medium was charcoal.

  11. Percents • When writing a percentage, always use the number and spell out the word percent • Ex: A study found that 22 percent of kittens enjoy playing with string. • HOWEVER, spell out the number when it begins a sentence, just as you would any other time • Fifty percent of kittens enjoy watching birds.

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