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Literary Allusions

Literary Allusions. Canadian History and its Short Hand. The Interruption of New France. 1629: Quebec surrendered by Samuel de Champlain to English Privateers known as the Kirke Brothers. 1632: Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Germaine-en-Laye, Quebec is returned to the French.

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Literary Allusions

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  1. Literary Allusions

  2. Canadian History and its Short Hand

  3. The Interruption of New France • 1629: Quebec surrendered by Samuel de Champlain to English Privateers known as the Kirke Brothers. • 1632: Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Germaine-en-Laye, Quebec is returned to the French.

  4. Obvious Questions: • Who Were These Kirke Brothers? • Why Did They Try To Capture Quebec? • Why Couldn’t the French Defend It? • What Happened Between 1629-1632? • Why Was Quebec Returned to the French? • Why Has the Story Remained Obscure?

  5. The First BritishConquest of Canadaand the First War for North America

  6. “New France”: A Primer, 1608-1627

  7. 1627: Company of 100 Associates • French Population along St. Lawrence fewer than 100. • Richelieu’s Company plans to consolidate fur trade • Profits used to encouragement settlement; expanded missionary activities; new industries. • Protestants need not apply.

  8. Flies in the Ointment

  9. 1627-28 • Charles I cannot afford all-out war effort • Forced to rely on proxies • Kirkes engaged in Dieppe-London Wine Trade • Late 1627 Kirkes obtain Letters of Marque • Summer 1628 Quebec is besieged. • French Ships and Crews Captured • Hailed for restoring England’s Honour

  10. Sir William Alexander • Union of English and Scottish Crowns 1603 • Alexander trusted advisor to James VI/I and Charles I • Granted Charter to establish Nova Scotia 1621 • 1623-1628 several unsuccessful colonial efforts • 1625 appointed Secretary of State for Scotland • Power and Patronage

  11. 1629: Compromise and Triumph • Personal Diplomacy of the King • Kirke and Alexander Factions Form Merchant Adventurers to Canada • Dual Efforts for 1629 • New Settlement on Cape Breton Island

  12. Potential • Funds extended to James Stewart of Killeith, fourth lord Ochiltree, to lead venture • Capture Quebec - settle Nova Scotia • Defeat French overseas

  13. Intended Results

  14. Unintended Results • Treaty of Susa (April 1629) brings cessation of hostilities • Kirke, Alexander, Ochiltree parties depart unawares • Word has not reached North America • Capt. Charles Daniel sails from Dieppe • Action in 3 theatres

  15. Quebec • Quebec near starvation • Kirkes control St. Lawrence • Lewis and Thomas Kirke • Surrender only option • Most evacuated to England then France - autumn 1629

  16. Nova Scotia/Acadia • Sir William Alexander junior establishes Scottish colony at Port Royal • Assistance of Claude La Tour • Scurvy and Misery • Alexander leaves colony in autumn of 1630 never to return

  17. Cape Breton • Profile of Ochiltree Party • Charles Daniel’s decision • Showdown at Fort Rosemar • Evacuation of settlement to England/France

  18. A War That Wasn’t • Litigation over furs/goods seized at Quebec • Status of occupied territories • Political Prisoners? • Alexander’s Charter - Scotland’s Honour

  19. The Word of a King • Late 1629 Charles I admits Quebec cannot be retained. • Rewards for Kirke Brothers • Nova Scotia/Acadia? • Merchant Adventurers and St. Lawrence trade 1630-32.

  20. Ochiltree: Missing Link? • Organisation of New Colonial Venture 1630-31 • Ongoing Royal Favour and Support • Levies Treason Charges Against 3rd Marquis of Hamilton April-May 1631 • Disgrace and Imprisonment • Blackness Castle

  21. Alexander/Stirling’s Pay-off

  22. Treaty of St. Germaine-En-Laye1632

  23. The Narrative Resumes

  24. Strange Nations… • Though seeming but by accident to us, Yet in the depths of heavenly breasts first bred, As arguments demonstrative to prove That weaknesse dwels below, and pow’r above. Loe, prosperous Caesar charged for a space, Both with strange nations, and his countreys spoyles. Even when he seem’d by warre to purchase peace, And roses of sweet rest, from thornes of toils. • (Sir William Alexander, “The Tragedy of Julius Caesar” (1607) Poetical Works of Sir William Alexander (1872) p. 324) And if those who are employed do not manage affairs with care and vigilance, as well as with fidelity, voyages are rendered useless, and those who advance their money lose courage when their plans are defeated, and they are often disappointed of the hopes they had entertained. • (Samuel de Champlain, Works, Vol. VI, pp. 178-179)

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