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Violence in Sports!!!

Violence in Sports!!!. Why and How Bad?. Definition of Violence. The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has the potential to cause harm or destruction Violence is not always illegal or disapproved It may be praised and lauded as necessary in sport contests.

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Violence in Sports!!!

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  1. Violence in Sports!!! Why and How Bad?

  2. Definition ofViolence The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has the potential to cause harm or destruction • Violence is not always illegal or disapproved • It may be praised and lauded as necessary in sport contests

  3. When violence involves extreme overconformity to norms, it may signal fascism

  4. Aggression The most discussed term associated with violence in sports and employed to describe angry violent behavior with intent to hurt a person or cause damage to property. • An inborn drive similar to sex or hunger (Freud, 1950), may be regulated through discharge or fulfillment • Aggression is not the same as assertiveness, competitiveness, or trying hard

  5. Definition of Aggression Verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person • Is not an act of a cognitive state • Is not accidental, rather intentional • Involves both bodily and psychological harm • Involves only living being

  6. Categories of Aggression • “Legitimate” (no fault) and “illegitimate” (at fault) aggression • Player aggression • Personal: harm to oneself • Interpersonal: harm to each other • Spectator aggression • Celebratory • Hooliganism

  7. Violence in Sports History • Figurational research shows that violence was more severe in the past • On the field & off the field • Rates of sports violence have not automatically increased over time • Violence in sports remains a crucial social issue today • Sports violence can serve to reproduce an ideology of male privilege

  8. Types of On-the-field Violence • Brutal body contact • Borderline violence • Quasi-criminal violence • Criminal violence

  9. When violence involves widespread rejection of norms, it may signal anarchy

  10. Violence As Deviant Overconformity to the Sport Ethic • Coaches may expect players to use violence • Violence often attracts media attention • Players may not like violence, even though most accept it as part of the game • Quasi- and criminal violence are routinely rejected by athletes and spectators (continued)

  11. Violence As Deviant Overconformity to the Sport Ethic • Violence may be related to insecurities in high performance sports • Expressions of violence are related to gender, but not limited to men • Physicality creates drama and excitement, strong emotions, and special bonds among all athletes, male and female

  12. Commercialization and Violence • Some athletes are paid to do violence • Commercialization and money expand the visibility of violence in sports and encourage a promotional rhetoric that uses violent images • Violence is not caused by TV and money – it existed long before TV coverage and big salaries • Media sometimes promoted violence

  13. Violence and Masculinity • Violence is grounded in general cultural norms • Violence in sports is not limited to men • Playing power and performance sports often are ways to prove masculinity

  14. Violence Is Institutionalized in Some Sports • In contact men’s sports, players learn to use violence as a strategy • Enforcers & goons are paid to do violence

  15. In non-contact sports, violence is usually limited to using violent images in talk

  16. In women’s contact sports, violence may be used as a strategy, but not to prove femininity

  17. Pain and Injury As the Price of Violence • A popular paradox in today’s sports: People accept violence while being concerned about injuries caused by violence • Disabling injuries caused by violence in some sports are serious problems • Dominant ideas about masculinity are related to high injury rates in men’s sports

  18. Controlling On-the-field Violence • Brutal body contact is the most difficult form of violence to control • Most injuries occur on “legal hits” • The most effective strategies might involve: • Suspensions for players • Fines for team owners

  19. Off-the-fieldViolence • Data on carryover are inconclusive • Assault and sexual assault rates among male, heterosexual athletes are a serious problem • These behaviors are a serious problem in society as a whole • Debates about whether rates are higher among athletes distract attention from the problem of violence in culture

  20. Learning to Control Violence in Sports Control may be learned if • The social world formed around a sport promotes a mindset & norms emphasizing: • Non-violence • Self-control • Respect for self and others • Physical fitness • Patience

  21. Violence Is Most Likely When: Sports are organized in ways that • Produce HUBRIS • Separate athletes from the community • Encourage athletes to think that others do not deserve their respect

  22. Violence Among Spectators • No data on how watching sports may influence violence in everyday relationships • Spectators at non-contact sports have low rates of violence • Spectators at contacts sports have rates of violence that constitute a problem in need of analysis and control • Rates today are lower than rates in the past

  23. Celebratory Violence This form of violence has not been studied systematically by scholars in the sociology of sport

  24. Hooliganism Dunning (1983) concluded that hooliganism, is rationalized by its perpetrators as a legitimate adjunct professional soccer activity.

  25. Hooliganism Mirror of Society Peter Marsh of the Social Issues Research Centre in Oxford said: "If you had thousands of working-class males congregating on a Saturday afternoon, and there were no fights, that would be very surprising."

  26. Figure7.1 Research is needed on celebratory riots associated with sports

  27. General Factors Related to Violence at Sport Events • Action in the sport event itself • Crowd dynamics & the situation in which spectators watch the event • Historical, social economic, & political context in which the event is planned and played

  28. Crowd size Composition of crowd Meaning and importance of event History of relationship between teams Crowd control strategies at event Alcohol consumption by spectators Location of event Motivations for attending the event Importance of teams as sources of identity for spectators Crowd Dynamics & Situational Factors

  29. Controlling Crowd Violence Be aware of the following factors: • Perceived violence on the field is positively related to crowd violence • Crowd dynamics and conditions • Historical, social, political, & political issues underlying spectator orientations

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