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Counting Methods and Probability. Chapter10.1-10.3. 10.1 Counting Principles and Permutations. Determine how many different possibilities are possible: 1. There are 3 different ice cream flavors and 5 different toppings. You can have one type of ice cream and one topping.
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Counting Methods and Probability Chapter10.1-10.3
10.1 Counting Principles and Permutations • Determine how many different possibilities are possible: • 1. There are 3 different ice cream flavors and 5 different toppings. You can have one type of ice cream and one topping. • 2. You have 30 different shirts, 8 types of pants, and 4 different types of shoes. How many different ways can you dress yourself? • 3. You have just enough money to go out to eat and see a movie. There are 5 different restaurants near the movie theater and 10 different movies playing.
Fundamental Counting Principle • If three events occur in m, n, and p ways, then the number of ways that all three events can occur is m x n x p. • It can be ANY number of events.
Determine how many different possibilities are possible if: • a. repetition is allowed • b. repetition is not allowed. • 1. A 4-digit lock with numbers 0-9. • 2. A 6-digit lottery with numbers from 1-30. • 3. A license plate with 3 letters followed by 4 numbers.
Permutations • How many ways can you pick r things out of n, where ORDER MATTERS. • nPr= • You can plug these into your calculator. MATHPRBnPr.
Find the number of Permutations: • First, use the Fundamental Counting Principle. • Then, use the Permutations Formula by hand. • 1. A TV news director has 8 news stories to present on the evening news. • a. How many different ways can the stories be presented? • b. If only 3 stories will be presented, how many possible ways can a lead story, a second story, and a closing story be presented?
Find the number of Permutations: • First, use the Fundamental Counting Principle. • Then, use the Permutations Formula by hand. • 2. 10 students at Norwin are running for President. • a. How many different ways can the students give their speeches to the school? • b. First place becomes President, second place becomes Vice-President, third place becomes Treasurer, and fourth place becomes Secretary. How many ways can the students be P, VP, T, and S?
Permutations with Repetition: • How many different permutations can you make with the following letters: • 1. ABCD • 2. ABCC • 3. ABBB
Permutations with Repetition: • different permutations of n objects where one object is repeated s1 times, another repeated s2 times, and so on is:
Find the number of different permutations of the letters in: • 1. KAYAK • 2. TALLAHASSEE • 3. CINCINNATI
Homework • 10.1 #11-16, 32-53x3, 64-66
10.2 Combinations • Place 44, 50, and 64-66 on the board. Show your work! • At your seats, answer the following questions: • 1. How many different ways can Ms. Rothrauff call on students to write the above answers on the board? • 2. How many different ways can you pick 4 lunch sides given that there are 10 options? • Standard Deck has 4 different suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) and 13 cards of each suit (2-10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace).
Permutations with Repetition: • How many different permutations can you make with the following letters: • 1. ABCD • 2. ABCC • 3. ABBB • How does this help prove this is true?
0!=1? • The definition of a factorial is n!=n x (n-1)! • Use this information to prove that 0!=1.
Finding the Formula for Combinations • Discuss in your groups what you think the formula will be for Combinations (where order DOES NOT MATTER). • Consider the following: • Permutation Formula from yesterday. • Different Permutations of ABCD picking all 4 letters. • If order DID NOT MATTER, how many different possibilities would there be to order ABCD using all 4 letters?
Combinations • How many ways can you pick r things out of n, where order DOES NOT MATTER. • nCr= • You can plug these into your calculator. MATHPRBnCr.
Multiple Events • When finding the number of ways both event A AND event B can occur, you need to multiply. • When finding the number of ways that event A OR event B can occur, you add instead. • Pg 691
Subtracting Possibilities • Counting problems that involve phrases like “at least” or “at most” are sometimes easier to solve by subtracting possibilities you do not want from the total number of possibilities. • Pg 691
Multiple Events Example: • The Norwin Student Senate consists of 6 seniors, 5 juniors, 4 sophomores, and 3 freshman. • a. How many different committees of exactly 2 seniors and 2 juniors can be chosen? • b. How many different committees of at most 4 students can be chosen?
Subtracting Possibilities Example: • You are going to toss 10 different coins. How many different ways will at least 4 of the coins show heads?
Finding card combinations: • In a standard deck of 52 cards: • 1. How many ways can you get a flush in hearts? • 2. How many ways can you get all red cards? • Standard Deck has 4 different suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) and 13 cards of each suit (2-10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace). • *flush=all same suit (hearts, diamonds, etc.)
Finding card combinations (cont): • 3. How many ways can you get at most one heart? • 4. How many ways can you get at least one 6? • Standard Deck has 4 different suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) and 13 cards of each suit (2-10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace).
Homework • 10.2 #3-10, 13-18
10.2 Binomial Theorem • Place numbers 14, 16, and 18 on the board. Show your work! • At your seats, answer the following question: • How many ways can you get a full house with a standard deck of 52 cards? • Standard Deck has 4 different suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) and 13 cards of each suit (2-10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace). • *full house=3 of the same type and 2 of the same type (QQQKK, 444JJ, 33399, etc.)
Pascal’s Triangle • Refer to page 692 in your books. • If you arrange the values of nCrin triangular pattern in which each row corresponds to a value of n, you get Pascal’s Triangle. • The r corresponds to the number in that row. • *You start counting with 0. Both the rows and the number in that row.* • *0C0 = 1 and is the 0th row.*
Use Pascal’s Triangle: • 1. From a collection of 7 baseball caps, you want to trade 3. Use Pascal’s Triangle to find the number of combinations of 3 caps that can be traded. • 2. The 7 members of the math club chose 2 members to represent them at a meeting. Use Pascal’s triangle to find the number of combinations of 2 members that can be chosen as representatives.
Binomial Theorem • Refer to page 693 in your books. • Steps to use the Binomial Theorem: • 1. Identify a, b, and n. • 2. Make a list of all the C terms vertically. n=n for all C terms, while r starts at 0 at the top and goes to n on the bottom. (There will be n+1 C terms.) • 3. Next to each C term, write the a term in parenthesis. Raise each a term starting at the top to the nth power down to the bottom ending with 0th power. • 4. Next to the a term, write the b term in parenthesis. Raise each b term starting at the top to the 0th power down to the bottom ending with the nth power. • 5. Multiply all of the terms out and put a “+” between each new term.
BT Examples: • 1. (x+y)6 • 2. (5-2y)3 • 3. (3x-2)4
Find a Coefficient in an Expansion: • Find the coefficient of xr in the expansion of (a+b)n. • Formula: nCrarbn-r
Coefficient Examples: • 1. Find the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (x-3)7. • 2. Find the coefficient of y3 in the expansion of (5+2y)8. • 3. Find the coefficient of x3y4 in the expansion of (2x-y)7.
Homework • 10.2 #19-33odd, 38-39, 48-49
BT Review • Place 25 and 31 on the board. Show your work!!! • At your seats, try 24 and 26 on page 695.
10.3 Probability and Odds • 1. How many different possibilities are there to win a lottery if 3 numbers are drawn from 1-15… • a. With repetition? • b. Without repetition? • 2. What would be the probability of winning the lottery… • a. With repetition? • b. Without repetition?
Probability • Theoretical Probability of event A: • P(A)= • Experimental Probability of event A: • P(A)=
Card Probabilities: • You pick a card from a standard deck of 52 cards. Find the following probabilities: • 1. Picking an heart. • 2. Picking a red King. • 3. Picking anything but an Ace. • 4. Picking a number card (2-9). • 5. Picking a Joker. • Standard Deck has 4 different suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) and 13 cards of each suit (2-10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace).
Number Probabilities: • You have an equally likely chance of picking any integer from 1-20. Find the probabilities: • 1. Picking a perfect square. • 2. Picking a factor of 30. • 3. Picking a multiple of 3.
Odds • Odds in favor of event A= • Odds against event A=
Card Odds: • You pick a card from a standard deck of 52 cards. Find the following odds: • 1. Odds in favor of drawing a 5. • 2. Odds against drawing a diamond. • 3. Odds in favor of drawing a heart. • 4. Odds against drawing a Queen. • Standard Deck has 4 different suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) and 13 cards of each suit (2-10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace).
Geometric Probability • You throw a dart at the board. Your dart is equally likely to hit any point inside of the board. What is the probability of getting 0 points? What is the probability of getting 50 points? Are you more likely to get 0 points or 50 points? 3in 3in3in 50pts 0pts
Homework • 10.3 #4-18even, 20-23, 35-39