UNIT NINE SELF AND LIFEIONG LEARNING SECTION A LISTENING AND SPEAKING

1. UNIT NINE SELF AND LIFEIONG LEARNING SECTION A LISTENING AND SPEAKING TOPIC Agreement , Disagreement and Farewell Part One SPEAKING New words and expression responsible /rispɔns əbl/ adj. 负责 expense /ikspens/ n. 花费 pressure . / pre∫ə/ n压力 measure / meʒə/ n. 措施，方法 career /k əri ə/ n. 职业 go along with 赞成

2. Leading in • I. Do you know what kinds of words or sentences you can use when you express agreement or disagreement, and how to make farewell ? • Agreements • I think so, too. • That’s quite true. • That’s how I feel. • That’s just what I was thinking. • You said it. • I agree with you. • Disagreement • I can’t agree with you. • I disagree entirely. • I wouldn’t say that. • I see your point, but… • I’m afraid I can’t accept it. • I can’t go along with you on this point. • Farewell • Good-bye./ Bye-bye. • See you.. • See you later! • Bye for now. • Wish you a good trip! • Take care!

3. Language Sample • II. Dialogue model about suggestion and persuasion，listen to the tape and then repeat it twice. 1.A: The price of oil keeps getting higher and higher. • B: That’s true. The government should be responsible for it. • A: The living expense is high, but our salary is low. • B: You said it. We live at high pressure. • A: Yes. The leaders should take measures about it. • B: I agree with you. 2.A: I think a woman’s place is in the home. • B: I can’t go along with you on this point. • A: Because women often spend most time on their family. • B: That doesn’t mean women should be housewives. • A: But housework is a woman’s job. • B: No, I don’t agree. Women can succeed in careers, just like men. 3.A: The food is wonderful. • B: Thank you. Would you like a cup of coffee? • A: I’d love to, but I’m afraid I’ve got to go now. See you. • B: See you.

4. Speaking improvement • III. Activities in pairs or groups： • Task 1. Act out the dialogue above , role-playing. • Task 2. Retell the dialogue above • Task 3. Create a new dialogue according to the one above. • PART TWO LISTENING • New words and expressions • economics /i:knɔmiks/ n.经济学 • essay / esei/ n.文章，（尤指）短文 • paper / peipə / n. 文章，（尤指）论文 • assignment / əsainmənt / n. 布置的任务 • host / həust / n.主人 • thirsty / θə:sti / adj. 口渴的 • burn the midnight oil 开夜车 • When in Rome, do as Romans do. 入乡随俗 • I. Listen to the following groups of words, then make your choice. • . A. litter B. letter C. let D. lesson • . A. think B. sink C. seek D. thank • . A. bit B. bet C. but D. boat • . A. fly B. flower C. flow D. floor • . A. race B. rice C. raise D. rise • . A. tall B. tail C. talk D. teller A 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 6 B

5. difficult _______ close ______ • II. Listen to the following sentences twice, fill in the missing words. • 1. Can you imagine how life would become if all supplies of • paper suddenly disappeared? • 2. Banks and post offices, schools and colleges would be forced to • . • 3. There would be no magazines, or books. • 4. And we would no be able to write to our friends and • relations. • 5.Those would be only a few of the of paperless world. • Ⅲ. Listen the dialogue and decide whether the following statements • are true (T) or false (F). • ( ) . Lily is busy with five essays and a term paper. • ( ) . Lily burns the midnight oil every night. • ( ) . Lily is writing a paper about computer science. • ( ) . Lily’s teacher, Dr. Rich is very strict. • ( ) . Mark thinks Dr. Rich is a good teacher. newspapers _________ longer _______ troubles _________ F 1 2 T F 3 T 4 T 5

6. C 1 D 2 • IV. Listen to the following passage twice, choose the best answer to each of the following questions. • .From this passage we can see that the writer is _______ ? • A. a Chinese B. a Roman C. an American D .a European • . When a Chinese host kept putting more food onto the writer’s plate, the • writer felt______. • A. happy B. sad C. angry D. uncomfortable • . In the West, people consider it bad manners__________. • A. to refuse an offer when he is full • B. to ask for something directly • C. to eat much at a dinner party • D. to keep asking someone to accept something • . “When in Rome, do as the Rome do” means_______. • A. Romans are people with good manners • B. Americans always do things the Romans do • C. you should follow the local customs wherever you go • D. the Romans are polite when they are in Rome D 3 C 4

7. Section B • Readings • Part One Intensive Reading • TOPIC Schooling and Education • Warming Up • Learning should be a never-ending process, from the cradle to the grave. With the world ever changing so fast, the cease from learning for just a few days will make a person drop behind. What's worse, lack of learning will inevitably lead to the stagnation of the mind, or even worse, its fossilization. Therefore, to stay mentally young, we have to take learning as a lifelong career. • 1 It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. 2 Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.

8. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life. 3 Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there is not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling. • Words and Expression • process n.过程 cradle n.摇篮 crave n. 坟墓 • gease n. 停止 lack n. 缺乏 inevitably ad.不可避免地 • stagnation n.停滞 fossilization n. 陈腐 nevertheless ad. 然而, 虽然如此interrupt v. 中断, 插嘴; 打断 distinction n. 区别; 级别; 差别 imply v.暗示; 意味 open-ended a.可修整的; 自由回答的; 末端开口的 all-inclusive a.包括一切的 universe n.宇宙, 思想等范围, 星系 tractor n. 牵引机; 牵引式飞机; 拖拉机; 牵引器

9. informal a.非正式, 通俗的, 不拘礼的 revere v.  崇敬, 尊敬, 敬畏 debate n. 辩论, 讨论v. 辩论, 争论; 思考;参加辩论; 与...辩论 distinguished a.卓越的; 高贵的, 高雅的; 著名的 whereas conj.然而; 鉴于; 反之 predictability n.可预测性conversation n.  会话, 交谈, integral a.整体的, 积分的, 整数的specific n.特性; 详情; 特效药; 详细说明书a.特殊的, 特效的, 明确的 formalize v.正式化; 使形式化; 定形 approximately ad.  大概; 近乎boundary n. 边界； 界限, 范围 community n.社区; 社会, 公众experiment n. 实验, 尝试, 试验v. 实验, 尝试 definite a.明确的; 一定的 • Phrases and Expressions • it is believed that 据相信 • be engaged in 参加，从事 • vary from… to… 根据情况变化/改变 • be likely to do 有可能做… • be experimenting with 用…做实验

10. Notes to the Text • 1.It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to • get an education. 据相信，在美国，学校是人们接受教育的地方。It is • believed… “据相信…” 又如：it is said… 据说；it is reported… 据报道 • 2.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. 教育 • 比学校教育更具开放性和包容性。More… than… “比…更…” • 3. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the • people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished • scientist. 教育的传播者可能是德高望重的老者，也可能是人民政治辩论的 • 广播电台；可能是个孩子，也可能是著名的科学家。 • 4.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose • general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. 另一方面，学校教 • 育是一种特殊的，正规化的教育，其总体格局变化不大。 • 5.The slices of reality have usually been limited by the boundaries of the • subject being taught.对时政部分的了解通常要受到所学课程的限制。Slice • “部分”。 • Exercises • I. Fill in the missing words without referring to the text, and then learn • the following passage by heart.

11. _______ believed interrupt Nevertheless _________ _______ distinction _______ _______ implied It is commonly in United States that school is where people go to get an education. , it has been said that today children their education to go to school. The between schooling and education by this remark is important. • II. Answer the following questions according to the text. • 1.According to paragraph 2, what’s the difference between education and schooling? • 2,What are the features of education? • 3.What’s the meaning of “agent” in Paragraph 2? • 4.What are the features of schooling? • 5.Try to guess the meaning of “definite” in the last line? Education is more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ It has no fixed place or agents of education. It often produces surprises and it is a very broad and inclusive term. “Agent” means operator, performer, or doer. _____________________________________________________________ Schooling is a specific and formalized process. _______________________________________________________________ “Definite” means certain. ________________________________________________________________

12. 1. informal _______ 2. agents _______ IIII. Fill in the following blanks with the words given below. • Change the form where necessary. • Education includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the (formal) learning. • The insurance （agent）in New York deal with all the matters. • People are engaged in education from (infant) on. • Schooling is a specific and (formalize) process • My teacher pointed out my mistakes by an (imply) way. • She has a number of different jobs, (range) from a saleswoman to a swimming coach. • The price of the hotel (vary) from 150—200 RMB with the type of room. • In this kindergarten, the children are (teach) English by foreigners. • Scientists are working to broaden the (boundary) of human beings. • To tell you the (true), I’m really proud of all of you. 3. infancy _______ 4. formalized _________ 5. implied _________ ranging 6. _______ varies 7. _______ 8. taught __________ boundaries 9. _________ 10. truth _______

13. ______ between to _____ from ____ • IV. Fill in the following blanks with the proper preposition or adverb. • 1.The distinction schooling and education implied by this • remark is important. • 2.The agents of education can range a revered grandparent the • people debating politics on the radio • 3.People are engaged education from infancy on. • 4.Schooling is a process, whose general pattern varies little one • setting the next • 5.He wanted to experiment ｍore different materials. • 6.The news may be unexpected; , it's true. • 7. We hope from now there will be more exchanges between our • two nations. • 8. A chance conversation a stranger may lead a person to • discover how little is known of other religions. • 9. On the one hand, she taught English; the other hand she learned • Chinese. • 10. The museum is open daily the year. ____ in from _____ to _____ with ______ _________ nevertheless _____ on with _______ on ______ throughout _______

14. 1 2 • V. Rewrite the following sentences with the phrase “more… than”. • Model 1 • .John is smart. Mary is smarter. • .Mary is smarter than John. • .The stamps are very valuable. The personal letter from Luxun is more • valuable. • .Dolphins are intelligent. Humans are even more intelligent. • .I like coffee. And I like orange juice even more. • .The movie star is famous now. He used to be more famous. • VI. Translate the following into English. • .据信那对夫妇已经离开中国。（it is believed that） • .他们正忙着与政府谈判。（be engaged in） 3 The personal letter from Luxun is more valuable than the stamps. 4 Humans are more intelligent than dolphins 5 I like orange juice more than coffee. 6 The movie star used to be more famous than he is now. 1 It is believed that the couple has left China. 2 They are engaged in negotiating with the government.

15. 3 The students’ homework varies greatly in quality. 4 In the latter half of the year, prices are likely to rise. • .学生的作业质量参差不齐。（vary） • .下半年，物价可能会上涨。（be likely to do） • V. Translate the following into Chinese. • . Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to shool. • .Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job,whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. • . It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life. • . Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. • . The slices of reality have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. 1 而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们受教育的过程。 2 教育不受任何限制。 它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作 时，厨房里 或拖拉机上。 3 因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就 开始了。 教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。 4 然而，上学却是一个特定的形式化了的过程。 在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。 5 他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断往往受到科目范围的限制。

16. Part Two Extensive Reading • TOPIC Lifelong Education • New Words and Expressions • host /həʊst/ n. 很多(人或其他) • behavior / bi'heiviə / n.行为 • opportunity /‚ɔpər'tju:nəti / n.机会 • numerous / 'nju mərəs / adj.很多的, 多数的, 数目众多的 • context /'kɔntekst/ n.上下文,背景 • leisure  /'leʒə/ n.空闲, 休闲, 闲暇 • formal   /'f ɔ:ml/ adj.正式的 • channel /'tænl/ n.渠道 • acceleration /‚ækselə'rein / n.加速,促进 • despite /dispait/ prep.尽管,虽然 • duration / djʊə'rein / n.持续时间, 为期 • acquire /ə'kwaiə/ v. 获得,取得 • sufficient /sə'fint/ adj.足够的 • professional /prə'fenl/ adj. 专业的 • span  /spæn/ v.跨越

17. decade /dekeid/ n..十年 • entitle  /intaitl/ v. 取名,叫做 • core  /kɔ:/ n.核心 • ambitious /æm'biəs/ adj.有雄心的, 有抱负的 • cease /si:s/ n.停止, 终止 • animalistic /'æniməlistik / adj.动物性的 • instinct /'instiŋkt/ n.本能 • dormant  /'dɔ:mənt/ adj.隐匿的, 静止的 • sub-consciousness /sʌb'kɔnəsnis/ n.潜意识 • weaken / ' wi:kən/ v. 消弱, 减弱 • pursue /pə'sju-/ v.追赶,追逐 • ideal /ai'diəl/ n.理想,典范 • sap /sæp/ v. 破坏,削弱 • determination /di‚tə:mi'nein/ n.决心 • obstacle /'ɔbstəkl / n. 障碍 • strangle  /'stræŋgl/ v 勒死,扼死 • refinement /ri'fainmənt/ n.精致, 精巧 • inevitably /in'evitəbli/ adv.不可避免地 • stagnation  /stæg'nein/ n.停滞,不景气 • fossilization /‚fɔsilə'zein/ n.化石 • mentally  /'mentəli/  adv.心理上,智力上

18. career  /kə'riə/ n.事业 • Lisbon / 'lisbən/ n.里斯本 (葡萄牙首都) • the European Union 欧盟 • You can't teach an old dog new tricks 朽木不可雕也 • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 简称OECD合作 • 经济暨发展组织 • from cradle to grave 从摇篮到坟墓 • lag behind 落后 • 1 Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's never too soon or too late for learning". It has taken root in a whole host of different organizations. Lifelong learning is important; that one can and should be open to new ideas, decisions, skills or behaviors. Lifelong learning throws the saying "You can't teach an old dog new tricks" out the door. Lifelong learning sees citizens provided with learning opportunities at all ages and in numerouscontexts: at work, at home and through leisure activities, not just through formalchannels such as school and higher education.

19. 2 One reason why lifelong education has become so important is the acceleration of scientific and technological progress. Despite the increased duration of primary, secondary and university education (14-18 years depending on the country), the knowledge and skills acquired there are usually not sufficient for a professional career spanning three or four decades. The European Union adopted a Communication in October 2006 entitled "It's never too late to learn". This document suggests lifelong learning to be the core of the ambitious Lisbon 2010-process, in which the whole of the European Union should become a learning area. The OECD is also conducting research on lifelong learning. Learning should be a never-ending process, from the cradle to the grave • 3 With the world ever changing so fast, the cease from learning for just a few days will make a person lag behind. What's worse, the animalistic instinctdormant deep in our sub-consciousness will come to life, weakening our will to pursue our noble ideal, sapping our determination to sweep away obstacles to our success and strangling our desire for the refinement of our character. • Lack of learning will inevitably lead to the stagnation of the mind, or even worse, its fossilization, Therefore, to stay mentally young, we have to take learning as a lifelong career. • 节选自http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning

20. F 1 F 2 T 3 • I. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) • . Lifelong education means “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks” • . According to the passage, the duration of primary, secondary education • is about 14-18 years depending on the country. • . This passage says that a professional career span three or four decades. • . Learning should last from the cradle to the grave. • . Lifelong learning will inevitable lead to the stagnation of the mind. • II. Choose the best answers for each of the following statements. • .The sentence “It’s never too late to learn” means ___________. • A.Learning is too late for people. • B.You can not learn, because it is late. • C.It is so late that people can not learn anything. • D.It is not late at all for people to learn anything at any time. • .“Lifelong learning sees citizens provided with learning • opportunities at all ages and in numerous contexts.” • Opportunities here means __________ • A. abilities B. means C. chances D. opponents. T 4 F 5 D 1 C 2

21. D 3. A 4 • In the phrase “the refinement of our character”, the word “refinement” means ____________. • A. fine B. good C. culture D. the development of idea • .“The animalistic instinct” in the third paragraph means ___________. • A. the instincts that is like animal • B. the instincts from animal • C. instincts of animal • D. instinct to animal . Please translate the third paragraph into Chinese with the help of dictionary. Section C • Grammar,Writing, Translation and Reading Skills • PART One Grammar • Word Buildings(构词法) • 构词的方法主要有派生,缩略,合成等,在高职高专阶段,最主要要掌握派生的构词方法,对通过此种构词方法来增加词汇量有很大帮助. • 派生是有词根加词缀构成新词.构成的新词成为派生词.词缀分为前缀和后缀两种. III 随着世界变化得越来越快, 停止学习一段时间就能让人落后.而且,潜藏在我们潜意识 的动物本能将苏醒过来,削弱我们追求崇高理想的意志力, 动摇我们扫除障碍,迈向成功 的决心,甚至遏制我们磨练性格的愿望.不去学习将不可避免地使心灵变得迟钝,甚至荒芜。

22. 一.前缀. • 1) 用于形容词,副词或名词之前表示相反意义. • un unfair unhappy • dis dishonest • non nonsmoking • im impossible • 2) 用于动词前表示相反的动作. • Un untie • De decode • Mis misunderstand • 3) 用于名词之前表示程度和大小 • Super superpower • Mini minibus • Micro microphone • 4) 用于动词或名词之前表示时间和顺序. • Re redo review • Pre preview predict • 二. 后缀 • 1) 由动词构成名次,表示人或器具 • --er writer worker • --or inventor

23. --ist socialist pianist • --ee interviewee • --ian musician • --an American • 2) 由形容词构成名词,表示性质或状态. • --ness happiness • --ship friendship • --ty safety • --dom wisdom freedom • 3) 由名词构成名词表示身份,时代,资格等 • --hood childhood • --ship citizenship • 4) 由名词构成形容词表示”具有…. 性质” • --ful careful • --ous precious • --ive active • --some troublesome • --less fearless • 5) 由形容词构成动词，表示“使成为” • --ize industrialize • --ify beautify

24. 倍数的表达法, 倍数表达法最主要有三种表达方法. • (1) 倍数 as...as (意思是“A是B的几倍”。) • I am twice as old as he. • He earns twice as much as he used to. • We've produced twice as much cotton this year as ten years ago. • He has got three times as many books as his sister. •  (2) 倍数+比较级  (意思是：A是B的几倍) •   He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago. There are twice more students in our class than in theirs. • (3) 倍数+the 度量词 of... •   The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. This river is three times the depth of that one. •  Task 1 Multiple choice • . Americans eat ________ vegetables per person today as they did in • 1905. A. more than twice                    B. as twice as many C. twice as many as                  D. more than twice as many. Paper produced every year is _______ the world's production of vehicles. A. the three weight of                        B. three times the weight of C. as three times heavy as                 D. three times as heavier as C 1 B 2

25. C 3 D 4 • . With the help of the experts， the factory produced ______ cars in 1993 • as the year before. A. as twice many                       B. as many twice C. twice as many                       D. twice many as. This ship measures ________ that one. A. as twice as long                    B. as twice long as C. twice long as                        D. twice as long as.After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _______ • tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many                      B. as many as C. as twice as many                  D. twice as many • Task 2 Fill in the blanks with the words given in the brackets, paying • attention to the forms. • 1. Smoking can be to your health. (harm) • 2. I spent thirteen years in full-time . (educate) • 3. He was dead and I couldn’t get away from my great . (sad) • 4. Don’t be so (patience). I’m doing it as fast as I can. • 5. As we know, Lu xun is a famous (write) of modern times in • China’s history. D 5 ______ harmful education _______ sadness ______ impatient ______ writer ________

26. Part Two Practical writing • Certificates (证明) • 证明是由国家相关部门,机构或单位出具的,证明当事人身份,经历,资格等情况的文件.根据不同的场合和用途,又具体分为学位证明,学历证明,健康证明,结婚证明等等. 证明通常要求措辞严谨, 逻辑紧密,语言规范. • Sample • Certificate of Honor • This is to certify that Miss Wang Hong has been awarded the title of excellent student ( outstanding, intellectually and physically excellent) because of her outstanding achievement during the academic year of 2007. • Shanxi Bio-application Vocational College • January 2008 • Translate the sample into Chinese Task One 荣誉证书 王红同学，因德智体全面发展，被评为2007年度三好学生。特发此证，以资鼓励。 山西生物应用职业学院 2008年1月

27. Task Two • Write a certificate according to the information given below • 身份证明 • 致启者： • 兹证明罗兰先生，德国国籍，现年35岁，2005年起受聘担任我校外籍教师。罗兰先生持有德国护照，现居住在我校专家楼208室。 • 外事处 • 湘南职业技术学院 Identity Certificate To whom it may concern, This is to certify that Mr. Roland of Germany nationality, male, age 35, is a foreign teacher in the employment of our institute. He has been working here since 2005. Mr. Ronald holds a Germany passport and at present lives in Room 208, Foreign Experts Guest House, Xiangnan Institue of Technology. Foreign Affairs Office Xiangnan Institue of Technology.

28. Part Three Translation • Terms on Machines and Mechanics (机器面板上的英语) • 机器面板上的英语用语简练,翻译时,要根据机器各部位的性能,力求文字简练,词意明确. 下面以音箱面板为例, • Input——线路输入，一般指将吉他或贝司的音频线的输出连接到这里； • Volume——调节音量； • Equalizer——均衡器，用于调整频率的补偿和衰减； • Bass——低频，通常指1000Hz以下的频率； • Middle——中频，通常指2000Hz频率周围处； • Treble——高频，通常指6000Hz频率以上； • Tone Shift——音色转换； • Overdrive——过载； • Gain——增益； • Overdrive Contour——过载等高线； • Level——电平； • Power Dimension——电源度数； • Reverb——混响； • Line Out——线路输出； • Phones——连接耳机； • Fuse——保险丝

29. Task 1 • Translate the following words into English, paying attention to the translation skills. • 手电筒 日光灯 计算器 真空管 电风扇 • 录音机 磁带 电视机 电熨斗 电动剃须刀 • Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the translation skills. • electric cooker electric heater electric vacuum cleaner • bulb electronic oven microwave oven • dry cell tap broiler can opener flashlight fluorescent lamp electric calculator tube electric fan dictating machine tape recorder television electric iron electric shaver Task 2 电饭锅 电暖气 吸尘器 电灯泡 电烤箱 微波炉 干电池 电线搭接 烘烤机 开罐头刀

30. Part Four Reading skills • Guessing words From the Context(根据上下文猜测词义) • 阅读中,我们常常会遇到生词。当这些生词对我们的阅读造成了障碍时，我们需要对其含义进行猜测，方法一、通过上下文语境来猜测词义： • 上下文语境指生词周围的单词、短语、句子甚至段落。 • 上下文语境线索包括四种：定义；举例；对比以及推理。 • 1 定义线索 • 定义线索分直接定义线索和间接定义线索两种。 • 直接定义线索包括对事物的定义、解释。直接定义线索的信号词有：means, is , refers to, in other words, that is, namely等。间接定义线索常借助于标点符号来表现，如逗号、冒号、破折号及括号等。 • eg. Police work now often includes the use of the polygraph, an instrument used to detect lies. • 析：后面的an instrument used to detect lies是对polygraph（测谎仪）的解释。 • eg. Twice a term, Bethlehem college has a mufti (casual clothes) day when students don’t have to were their uniforms. • 2 举例线索 这一类的信号词有：such as, for example/ instance 等。 • eg. Phobia, such as fear of heights, fear of water, or fear of crowds, can be eased through conditioning. • 析：通过后面的例子，可知Phobia为“恐惧症”。

31. 3 对比线索 • eg.He tried to smile because the mood of the party was not • somber but happy. • 析：somber与其后的happy意思相反，故somber意为“忧愁的”。 • 4 推理线索 • eg. With little to do, I sat around the house, totally idle. • 析：我坐在屋旁，无事可做，自然是很“庸懒”。 • 模拟演练： • Choose the right answer by guessing the meaning of each of the underlined words. • I am certain that he has passed the exam, but if you are dubious, call to make sure. • A.双重 B.肯定的 C. 怀疑的 • ． Hearing, technically known as audition, begins when a sound wave reaches the outer ear. • A. 试听 B.演播室 C.录音的 • ．He experienced several traumas in early childhood, including the divorce of his parents and the death of his grandmother. • A.逆境 B. 旅行 C. 精神创伤 • ．If you stand at the door and don’t let anyone pass, you will obstruct the exit. • A.疏通 B. 阻塞 C. 过道 C 1. A 2 C 3 B 4

32. C 5 • ．Bethlehem college is a state integrated (private school with government funding ) Christian coeducational school with over 2,000 students. • A.公办的 B. 私立的 C. 有政府资助的私立学校 • SECTION D • CULTUREAL TIPS • Differences Between the Education (教育的差异) • Differences between the education in the east and the education in the west. • There are dramatic differences between the education in the east and education in the west. • The education system in the east is mainly based on the textbook. All of the work to be done is in the textbook and requires no additional research. • The education system in the west is different. It involves the textbook, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the teacher. They would also be given assignments that can last over a few week to work on. In their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student; so theoretically, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent. • The Western education system encourages students to have individual thoughts and opinions. They want the students to learn to ask "why". They want the students to learn to be independent in life as well as in their studies.

33. They teach things outside of the books. They have a variety of curriculums. They try to bring out the students' interests in things rather than just tell them that's what they have to do. Western students spend a lot more time on sports. There isn't nearly as much homework for the students so they have time to spend on their hobbies and interests.