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Hope you enjoyed your

Hope you enjoyed your. CLASS #1: AP. MIDTERM. CLASS #2: AP/ AdvP. CLASS #3: AdvP , PP. CLASS #4: PP. CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS. CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS. CLASS #7: ADVERBIALS AND MIDTERM OVERVIEW. CLASS #8: MIDTERM OVERVIEW and SIMPLE SENTENCE. CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE.

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Hope you enjoyed your

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  1. Hope you enjoyed your

  2. CLASS #1: AP MIDTERM CLASS #2: AP/AdvP CLASS #3: AdvP, PP CLASS #4: PP CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS CLASS #7: ADVERBIALS AND MIDTERM OVERVIEW CLASS #8: MIDTERM OVERVIEW and SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #10: SIMPLE SENTENCE CLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCE CLASS #13: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

  3. FINAL ANNOUNCEMENT! • THE MIDTERMEXAM IS SCHEDULED FOR • MAY 15, 2012 THAT’S NEXT TUESDAY. • TIME: • 13.30-15.00 • PLACE: • AUDITORIUM (‘AMFITEATAR’)

  4. IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT! • THERE WILL BE NO PRACTICE CLASSES IN GEJ2 NEXT WEEK (NEITHER ON TUESDAY (GROUPS B, C and D), NOR ON WEDNESDAY (Group A)). • HOWEVER, YOU WILL HAVE A LECTURE ON WEDNESDAY.

  5. BEFORE WE START THE LECTURE… • DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS REGARDING YOU UPCOMING MIDTERM EXAM?

  6. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE LECTURE #2 – 2012-05-09

  7. WHAT DID WE DO LAST TIME? Basic concepts of a science are notoriously difficult to define, e.g. atom, number, society, etc.

  8. REVIEW • TWO WEEKS AGO WE DISCUSSED: • THE CONCEPT AND PROPER DEFINITION OF A SENTENCE • WHAT IS A SENTENCE? • SENTENCE vs. CLAUSE • CLASSIFICATION(S) OF SENTENCES • STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION (number and type of clauses): • SIMPLE, COMPLEX and COMPOUND • CLASSIFICATION OF SIMPLE SENTENCES BASED ON THE TYPE OF VERB • 7 types of simple sentences: SVC, SVA, SV, SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA) • SENTENCE ELEMENTS – SYNTACTICALLY DEFINED (what structures are used to realize a particular sentence element: e.g. Od can be an NP or a nominal clause)

  9. SENTENCE ELEMENTS SYNTACTICALLY DEFINED SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS (S, V, O, C, A) can be realized in different forms: PHRASES and CLAUSES

  10. SENTENCE ELEMENTS syntactically defined PP In the state of nirvana is how I want to feel. AdvP Here is the latest report from Tripoli. Tomorrow is Thursday. AP Beautiful beyond words is how I would describe her.

  11. SENTENCE ELEMENTS syntactically defined

  12. SENTENCE ELEMENTS syntactically defined

  13. SENTENCE ELEMENTS syntactically defined

  14. END OF REVIEW

  15. SENTENCE ELEMENTS SEMANTICALLY DEFINED

  16. SENTENCE ELEMENTSsemantically defined Let’s take a simple sentence as an example: Eric Cartman killed Kenny with a knife. SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ADVERBIAL A syntactic analysis of the sentence would yield the following syntactic structure: SVOA However, there is another way to analyze the sentence – from the semantic point of view.

  17. SENTENCE ELEMENTSsemantically defined Semantically speaking, every verb describes a SITUATION in which one or more PARTICIPANTS are involved. If we look at the sentence “Eric Cartman killed Kenny with a knife.” we can say that the verb KILL describes a situation which involves three different participants: 1 = THE PERSON WHO PERFORMED THE ACTIVITY 2 = THE PERSON WHO WAS KILLED 3 = THE INSTRUMENT USED FOR KILLING Semantically, these participants are said to have specific SEMANTIC ROLES: 1. is THE AGENT, 2. is THE THEME/PATIENT, and 3. is the INSTRUMENT

  18. SENTENCE ELEMENTSsemantically defined One SYNTACTIC ELEMENT/CONSTITUENT can have VARIOUS SEMANTIC ROLES. For example, the SUBJECT can have three different semantic roles: John opened the door. (SUBJECT is the AGENT) The key opened the door. (SUBJECT is the INSTRUMENT) The door opened. (SUBJECT is the THEME/PATIENT) Actually, this is just the tip of the iceberg: the subject can have as many as THIRTEEN (13!!!) different semantic roles.

  19. SUBJECT – semantically defined

  20. DIRECT OBJECT – semantically defined

  21. INDIRECT OBJECT – semantically defined

  22. COMPLEMENTS – semantically defined

  23. NOW…

  24. …SOMETHING COMPLETELY DIFFERENT

  25. CONCORD

  26. BUT THIS IS NOT CONCORD! THIS IS CONCORDE. UNLIKE CONCORDE, CONCORD IS A GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY.

  27. CONCORD Concord is AGREEMENT between two sentence elements with respect to certain grammatical features. Officially: CONCORD (sometimes termed AGREEMENT) is the relationship between TWO GRAMMATICAL UNITS such that one of them DISPLAYS A PARTICULAR FEATURE (e.g. plurality)that ACCORDS WITH A DISPLAYED (or semantically implicit) FEATURE in the other unit. *Marko_ je čitalazanimljivu časopis_. Marko_ je čitaozanimljivčasopis_. As we can see in Serbian, there seem to be several types of concord. Even in English! But more about it soon.

  28. WHERE CAN WE SEE CONCORD? *Marywere in London yesterday. *John cutherself. *John cutthemselves. *John isan actress. *John considersBillan actress. *John considerstheman actor. (gender, person , number) S-V concord (gender, person , number) S-O concord (gender, person , number) S-O concord (gender, person , number) S-Cs concord (gender, person , number) O-Co concord (gender, person , number) O-Co concord

  29. CONCORD – types of

  30. S-V concord: NOUN PHRASES The CHANGE in male attitudesis most obvious in industry. The CHANGES in male attitudeare most obvious in industry. When the subject is realized by a noun phrase, the phrase counts as singular IF ITS HEAD IS SINGULAR.

  31. S-V concord: AdvP and PP Slowly does it! In the eveningsis best for me. Prepositional phrases and adverb phrases functioning as subjects count as SINGULAR.

  32. S-V concord: CLAUSES How they got there doesn’t concern me. To treat them as hostagesis criminal. Smoking cigarettesis dangerous to your health. Finite and non-finite clauses generally count as SINGULAR. However, there are some apparent exceptions.

  33. S-V concord: clauses add-on What were supposed to be new proposals were in fact modifications of earlier ones. What was once a palaceisnow a pile of rubble. Whatever book a Times reviewer praisessells well. What ideas he hasare his wife’s. • These are NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSES: • their number depends on the interpretation of the number of the WH-ELEMENT, e.g. with determiners WHAT and WHATEVER the concord depends on the number of the determined noun (the last two examples)

  34. S-V concord: general rules General rule of S-V concord: A subject which is not clearly semantically plural requires a singular verb. In other words: SINGULAR is the UNMARKED FORM which is to be used in neutral circumstances when there is no positive. This explains why in informal speech we can often hear: There is hundreds of people in the streets.

  35. S-V concord: exceptions Measlesis sometimes serious. Our peopleare complaining. Apparent exceptions include SINGULAR NOUNS ending in –S (e.g. measles, billards, mathematics, etc.) and PLURAL NOUNS lacking the –S (e.g. cattle, people, clergy, etc.).

  36. S-V concord: exceptions Crime and Punishmentis a great novel. Brother Karamzovis his masterpiece. The Cedarshas a huge garden. ‘Senior citizens’ means people over sixty. Plural noun phrases (including coordinate phrases) count as singular if they are used as NAMES, TITLES, QUOTATIONS, etc. Such NPs can be regarded as appositive structures with an implied singular head: the book ‘Crime and Punishment’, the expression ‘senior citizens’, etc.

  37. S-V concord: exceptions The Canterbury Talesexists in many manuscripts. The Canterbury Talesexist in many manuscripts. The titles of some works that are collection of stories may be counted as either singular or plural.

  38. Principles of grammatical concord: NOTIONAL concord & PROXIMITY No one except his own supporters AGREE with him. • The head is NO ONE, but the verb agrees with SUPPORTERS – this is called PROXIMITY. • PROXIMITY (also called ‘ATTRACTION’) denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding NP in preference to agreement with the head of the NP that functions as subject: • Proximity is here reinforced by NOTIONAL CONCORD (‘Only his own supporters agree with him’). • NOTIONAL CONCORD – how the speaker understands the concept denoted with the NP (singular or plural) regardless of the grammatical form

  39. EXAMPLES OF NOTIONAL CONCORD • Ten dollarsis all I have left. • [That amount is…] • Fifteen yearsrepresentsa long period of his life. • [That period is…] • Two milesis as far as they can walk. • [That distance is…] • Two thirds of the areais under water. • [That area is…], • BUT: • Sixty peoplemeansa huge party. • [That number of people means…]

  40. Principles of grammatical concord: NOTIONAL concord & PROXIMITY • Conflict between grammatical concord and proximity increases with the distance between the NP head of the subject and the VP (e.g. when an adverbial or a parenthesis intervenes between the subject and the verb). • Proximity concord occurs mainly in unplanned discourse – in writing it will be corrected to grammatical concord. • We will discuss GRAMMATICAL CONCORD, NOTIONAL CONCORD and PROXIMITY in the following cases: • Collective noun head • Coordinated subject • Indefinite expressions

  41. COLLECTIVE NOUNS The audience wereenjoying every minute of it. The public are tired of demonstration. England havewon the cup. Our Planning Committee have considered… Singular collective nouns may be notionally plural. In BRITISH ENGLISH the verb may be EITHER SINGULAR or PLURAL.

  42. COLLECTIVE NOUNS The audience wasenormous. The public consistsof you and me. The crowd has beendispersed. The choice between singular and plural verbs depends in BRITISH ENGLISH on whether the group is being considered as a single undivided body or as a collection of individuals. On the whole: the plural is more popular in speech, whereas in writing the singular is preferred.

  43. COORDINATED SUBJECTS When a subject consists of TWO or MORE noun phrases (or clauses) coordinated by AND, we must make a distinction between: COORDINATION (PROPER) COORDINATIVE APPOSITION

  44. COORDINATION (PROPER) • Tom and Alice ARE now ready. =[Tom is now ready and Alice is now ready.] • What I say and what I think ARE my own affair. =[What I say is my own affair and what I think is my own affair] BUT: • What I say and do IS my own affair. COORDINATION REFERS TO CASES WHEN WE HAVE FULL COORDINATED FORMS (not REDUCED FORMS). A PLURAL VERB IS USED EVEN IF EACH CONJOIN IS SINGULAR.

  45. COORDINATION (PROPER) • His camera, his phone, his money WERE confiscated by the customs officials. A PLURAL VERB IS ALSO NEEDED WHEN THERE IS NO COORDINATOR.

  46. COORDINATION (PROPER) • Your problem and mine ARE similar. =[Your problem is similar to mine and mine is similar to yours.] • What I say and do ARE two different things. =[What I say is one thing and what I do is another thing.] Conjoins expressing MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP are also PLURAL.

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