Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2002

1. Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2002 Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk, Valery Khomich Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology Minsk, Belarus 4rd JOINT UNECE Task Force & EIONET Workshop on Emission Inventories and Projections 22-24 September 2003, Warsaw, Poland MSC-East

2. Preparation of additions and refinements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding heavy metals emission in view of peculiarities of the CIS countries technologies Project title: Goals: Improvement of the Guidebook in view of peculiarities of the FSU specificity Promotion of the Guidebook methodology usage in the FSU countries Budget: 2753 US$

3. Executive Summary Experimental researches, analysis of literature sources, investigation of technological peculiarities of the Former USSR countries made possible to prepare additions and materials for inclusion to the Guidebook. In all such additions and materials were prepared for 10 Guidebook chapters. Special attention was paid onto source categories which are not considered in the Guidebook yet (stationary fuel combustion – small appliences), or slightly considered (open burning sources). New experimental data on HM emission.

4. CONTENTS ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION INVENTORY GUIDEBOOK 1. SMALL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS (DRAFT SECTIONS) 2. DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES Annexes 1. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Processes and Installations Studied in 2002 Methodology of Emission Sources Testing Heavy Metals Analytical Determination 2. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Solid Fuels Combustion in Small Installations Testing Heavy Metals Content in Emissions from Open Burning Processes 3. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook regarding HEAVY METALS Emission Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion REFERENCES

5. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Small combustion installations In general small combustion devices can be divided into the next main groups: installations close to open combustion (from this category fireplaces are most common in Europe); installations without heat-transfer (furnaces, ovens, stoves); installations with heat-transfer (mainly water or steam) – various types of boilers. Small combustion devices are very different in design. Most specific are solid fuel burning systems; liquid and gaseous fueled installation are often can be fueled by both these types of fuel (with some reequipment).

6. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Generally boilers are distinguished as steam and hot-water, functioning with natural or induced circulation. According to their design, steam and hot-water boilers are classified into: straight-through; single-drum with natural circulation; double-drum with natural circulation; flue with fire tubes; and gas-tube waste-heat boilers. Low capacity boilers operating on solid fuel are classified into boilers with manual furnace, heat efficiency from 0.1 to 0.8 Gcal/hr and boilers with mechanical and semi-mechanical furnaces, heat efficiency from 0.63 to 3.15 Gcal/hr. Boilers with heat efficiency from 9.6 to 73 Mcal/hr are used for household combustion. Two types of furnaces are applied in heat boilers: for layer and chamber combustion. In layer furnaces fuel is combusted on hand-fired stokers or with the help of a mechanical stoker. Small Boilers

7. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Example of typical manual feed water-tube boiler(municaipal, educational, institutional sectors) Minsk-1 boiler

8. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Example of small boiler for residential sector • NEMIGA-1 iron hot-water boilers

9. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Example of household furnaces Heatingfurnace Russian stove Kitchen range

10. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Coal Peat Wood Non contr. Partially contr. Non contr. Partially contr. Non contr. Partially contr. Arsenic 1.0 0.3 0.15 0.05 0 0 Cadmium 0.1 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 Chromium 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.06 0.02 Copper 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.22 0.07 Mercury 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nickel 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.04 0.01 Lead 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.15 0.25 0.08 Zinc 5.0 1.5 2.0 0.6 4.30 1.30 Default emission factors for solid fuel small combustion installations (boilers), g/Mgfuel

11. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK Peat Wood Arsenic 0.06 0.0 Cadmium 0.03 0.01 Chromium 0.2 0.03 Copper 0.2 0.10 Mercury 0.0 0.0 Nickel 0.15 0.03 Lead 0.24 0.15 Zinc 1.0 2.5 Default emission factors for small combustion installations (furnaces), g/Mg fuel- non-controlled combustion

12. ADDITIONS TO THE EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK DEFAULT EMISSION FACTORS TABLES According to 2002 Task Force meetings decisions a few default emission factors tables should be prepared for inclusion into the Guidebook: Primary Lead Production Primary Zinc Production Primary Copper Production Grey Iron Foundries Coke oven furnaces Draft default chapters were prepared and discussed during Combustion and Industry Expert Panel meetings in Ispra (April and November 2002) with participation of this report author. Later the output tables were revised and now their new versions were included into the report with small description (clarification). For their revision own data based upon experience of sources inventory and vast literature data were used.

13. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Sources Testing • In 2002 the following HM emission source categories were tested: • solid fuel combustion in household and municipal boilers; • solid fuel combustion in household furnaces; • forest fires; • peatland fires; • agricultural debris burning; • domestic wastes burning.

14. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Experimental work for the HM emission factors evaluation included: • aerosol and vapour HM sampling from off-gases; • fly ash sampling from stack walls and from control equipment; • ash sampling (from bonfires and ashpits); • fuel sampling; • samples preparations; • analytical determination of HM in samples; • data processing.

15. Combustion unit, control Fuel Type of collected samples Kitchen range, no control Wood, wood waste Fly ash Russian stove, no control Wood Fly ash, soot from walls of chimney Small boiler, no control Peat briquette Fly ash, soot from walls of chimney Small boiler, no control Coal Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney Boiler E/9, cyclone Coal, wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Minsk-1, no control Coal Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Minsk-1, no control Peat briquette, wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Minsk-1, no control Wood Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler KVN, cyclone Coal, peat briquette Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney and from cyclone, fly ash Boiler Universal, no control Peat briquette, wood Soot from walls of chimney, fly ash Boiler Universal, no control Coal, peat briquette, sawdust Residual ash, soot from walls of chimney, fly ash OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Main parameters of tested installation

16. OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS EMISSION TESTING Heavy Metals Analytical Determination The determination of heavy metal content (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb) in samples was carried out on the spectrometer Perkin Elmer AAC 5100 PC\ZL Detection limit without concentration - 10-8 – 10-11 for flame ionization and graphite furnace accordingly. Detection error – within the limit ± 20%.

17. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Wood combustion in boiler Minsk-1 in household furnaces

18. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Peat briquette combustion in boiler DKVR

19. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Coal combustion in boiler KVN

20. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING in fly ash, mg/kg Combustion of mixed fuels in boilers in waste gases, mkg/m3

21. Modelled Source Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Peat fire 0.08 12.8 10.52 11.68 9.59 41.7 Municipal and domestic wastes burning 0.04 63.79 133.71 18.79 870.31 33543 Leaves fall-off burning 0.39 11.84 46.02 10.24 69.51 453.0 Grassland burning 0.01 0.24 56.29 6.82 26.00 1813.2 RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING Open burning processes Mean content of HM in residual ash from open burning, mg/kg

22. RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS TESTING HM content in fly ash from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural debris, mg/kg HM content in waste gases from model combustion of litter, peat and agricultural debris, mkg/m3

23. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description Compilation of Heavy Metal Emission Factors for Small Combustion Ash and moisture content Heavy metal content

24. MATERIALS to the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook • Heavy metal content Solid Fuel for Small Combustion Description

25. Programme elements for the project on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2004 Title: • Further Research for HCB and PCB Emission inventory Improvement in the NIS Countries (on an Example of Belarus) Goals: • Further improvement of the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters regarding to HCB and PCB emission in view of NIS countries technological specificity • Tasks: • Additional investigation of selected activities for improvement of HCB and PCB emission factors and methodological approaches to emission inventory • Preparation of insertions and improvements to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters in view of HCB and PCB emission.

26. Planned results: • default emission factors for HCB and PCB to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters • additional descriptive material to the chapters regarding to HCB and PCB • Budget: • 949 US$ (as Belarusian contribution to EMEP according to new assessment scale).