Electrical energy

1. Electrical energy of the elements

2. Table of Contents • What is it electrical energy? • Electrical energy fromtheEarth • Electrical energy from water • Electrical energy from fire • Electrical energy from air • Electric Power in Podkarpacie • Friendly and less friendly ways of obtaining electrical energy from the elements • Example of electrical energy from the elements in Tarnobrzeg • Trivia

3. What is it electrical energy? Electrical energy- it kind of energy, which can readily be converted to other types of energy using appliances. Energy electrical current: E=UIt U - tension electrical current I - intensity electrical current t - flow time electrical current E- energy electrical current

4. Electrical energy fromtheEarth Electrical energy can be caused byprocessing of nuclear energy (nuclear).

5. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy – part of the binding energy of atomic nuclei in the process of liberating the fission of heavy nuclei and the merger (fusion) of light nuclei. Formula for energy: E=mc2

6. Nuclear power station • Nuclear power station– the object of industry and energy (heat and power plant), producing electricity by using energy from fission of nuclei of atoms, mostly of uranium (natural uranium or slightly enriched in the isotope U-235), in which heat is necessary to obtain the pair, is obtained from nuclear reactor.

7. Construction of nuclear power station • The general principle of a nuclear power plant (for example, circulation PWR): • In a nuclear reactor by the reaction of fission of atomic nuclei emit large amounts of heat that is picked up by a working medium (usually water under high pressure in the so-called primary circuit - PWR and WWER reactors). Factor flows to the steam generator, which supplies heat to the boiling water re-circulation of a lower pressure, and then returns to reactor. Water vapor (steam wet, which is dried before reaching the turbine - the water molecules in a pair of wet, high pressure turbine have destroyed, so first couple passes wet from the steam generator systems drying before it reaches the turbine) then drives the steam turbine combined generator. Separation of circuits is more secure in case of leakage from the steam turbine.

8. Nuclear power station in Poland • In Poland hasn’t nuclear power plants, the only operating nuclear reactor is a research reactor, Maria, now managed by the Institute of Atomic Energy. Unfinished main building powerŻarnowiec

9. Petroleum • Petroleum (rock oil, black gold) - liquid fossil, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural gas, liquid and solid (bitumen), with minor additions of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and impurities. Has a fundamental significance for the world economy as a raw material of chemical industry, especially as one of the most important energy resources.

10. Electrical energy from water Electrical energy from water is given by: • water wheels • water power station • water turbines

11. Water wheels • Water wheels - circle with a circumference of the blades or divisions, raised a force of water pressure, water turbines predecessor. Frequently used to drive water mills and tools used for example in mills or forges. Skansen exhibit steam engines and locomotives at the mine in the historic Tarnowskie Góry

12. Water wheels • Nadsiębierne • uses the potential energy of water • for maximum productivity • Śródsiębierne • uses the potential energy and kinetic water • Podsiębierne • uses the kinetic energy of water

13. Water power station Small Big • Power below 5 MW • Unconventional, renewable and clean resource • 1 GW power reaching • Conventional energy sources

14. Water power station • The first hydropower plant was built in 1882 in Appleton (two years after the demonstration of electric light by Thomas Alva Edison) • Power Station Flow • produces the plant • Power Station Pumped Storage • stores electrical energy

15. Water power station in Poland Currently, Poland is using its hydropower resources, only 12%, representing 7.3% of installed capacity in the national power system. Norwegians get the energy drop of 98% water for electricity.

16. Water power station in Włocławek • The beginnings of a hydropower plant Włocławek year 1963-1970, to build a dam in Włocławek. Power passed successively through different organizational forms under: Department of Energy in Toruń as a structure called the Water Power Station in Włocławek, since June 2007. ENERGA Hydropower Plant Company o.o. in Straszyn (Currently ENERGA Power Straszyn) Water power station in Włocławek

17. Dam • After the construction of barrage and the entire plant operation in 1970, the dam is scheduled for 10 years. At that time in the lower reaches of the Vistula River were built another dam (hydro). Water Dam in Włocławek

18. SCHEME OF POWER WATER PRZYZAPOROWEJ PRZEPŁYWOWEJ

19. Water turbines • Water Turbine (turbine hydraulic) - water processing engine mechanical energy of water into rotation with the rotor blades. Used mainly in hydroelectric power plants to drive generators. This includes: hydrodynamic engines, engine flow.

20. Water turbines • Reaction • turbine Francisa • turbine Kaplana • turbine Tesli • Equity • turbine Peltona

21. SCHEME OF WATER TURBINES

22. Principles of operation individual water turbines • Equity turbine In equity turbine energy of water pressure at the inlet toturbine is converted to energy in the jet velocity, whichthen is transferred to the rotor, where aconversion of kinetic energy to mechanical energy of water. • Reaction turbine In reaction turbine water pressure at the inlet to the turbineturn the steering wheel is only a certain part of thespeed. The rotor followed by pressure reduction andspeed associated with replacing the energy pressure and energykinetic water energy into mechanical energy.

23. Electrical energy from fire Distribution of solar globe, taking into account the impact of Earth's atmosphere Electrical energy from fire can be produced using solar energy. Solar Power - a branch of industry, dealing with the use of solar energy is already counted as renewable energy sources.

24. Solar radiation • For the solar radiation reaching the Earth spectrally similar to the blackbody radiation at a temperature of about 5700 K. Before entering into the atmosphere radiation power is equal to 1367 W / m² perpendicular to solar radiation. Part of this energy is reflected and absorbed by the atmosphere, the Earth's surface on a sunny day it reaches about 1000 W / m².

25. Methods for conversion of solar radiation • Photovoltaic cell • Application of photovoltaic cells • Polymer Links • Conversionfototermical

26. Photovoltaic cell • Photovoltaic cell (or photovoltaics, solar, or solar cell) is a device for direct conversion of solar energy into electricity, through the use of semiconductor pn-type connectors, which under the influence of photons of energy greater than the width of the interruption of semiconductors, electrons move to area n, and holes (charge carriers) to the area Mr The displacement of electric charge causes the appearance of potential difference, or voltage. The most sunny places in Poland

27. Application of photovoltaic cells • Solar cells can be a cheap source of energy for low-power portable devices: calculators, clocks and lamps (equipped with a rechargeable energy storage accumulated during the day). They are also indispensable in space, because any other way would require the generation of transport fuels, and solar energy is constantly available.

28. In some places in the world, photovoltaic cells are used to power telephones, and motion-activated cameras and measuring devices. • In the caravan, putting photovoltaic panel on the roof camper van allows you to recharge the battery power, despite the use of energy from his receivers, such as portable radios or TVs. Similarly, the photovoltaic cells used in sailing where battery power is required for navigational and radio communications.

29. Polymer Links Work on this method of production such as solar panels ran New Jersey Institute of Technology. These cells consist of nanotubes, then they are covered with a protective layer.

30. Conversionfototermical Conversion fototermical is the direct conversion of solar energy radiation to energy heat.

31. Conversionfototermical • Passive • the possible flow of heat carrier is only by convection • Active • powered pumps are used for additional energy sources

32. Conversion fototermical passive is mainly used in small installations such as the passive heating of buildings • Conversion fototermical enabled is mainly used to heat water. Popular applications are both detached houses and large facilities providing hot water to multifamily buildings, districts or towns.

33. Electrical energy from air • Electrical energy from air we can generate using wind energy • Wind energy is one of the renewable energy sources. Currently used wind turbines convert it into mechanical energy, which further is converted to electricity. • Wind energy is dependent on its velocity v in the third power and thus locations for wind energy are selected carefully for the incidence of severe (7-20 m / s) winds.

34. Wind energy, we obtain with • Windmills • Wind motors

35. Windmills • Windmill - oldest wind motors . Wind energy converts into kinetic energy of rotation. Windmill in Lednogórze at route Poznan - Gniezno

36. The entire mill was built of wood, and mostly covered with shingles outside. Windmill Kozłowy had three floors - the bottom was occupied by stabilizing the structure goat, and two were higher for the production of flour. Shingled walls initially did not extend nearly to the ground and visible from afar revealed the buck. Schematic diagram of the internal fan

37. Wind motors Wind motors Vertical axis turbines Horizontal axis turbines They are designed to process the kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy, which is then used to generate electricity.

38. Wind motors • Speed • have less starting torque of the motor coaster, are equipped with 1-3 blades. Can achieve high aerodynamic efficiency. • Low-speed • They are characterized by a high torque to boot and blades from 12 to 40 • Middle-speed • have blades 4-7 The wind turbine is equipped with such in: • impeller (rotor), which translates the energy of wind energy into mechanical energy. • generator - using the supplied mechanical energy to generate electricity and transmit it to the network.

39. Wind motor diagram • Here form the rotor blades, the hub through which are embedded in the shaft. Shaft turns in bearings contained in a casing, which houses a gear drive for transferring the vertical shaft. This shaft drives the machine working normally generator, is often placed at the bottom. Together with the shaft and the rotor is mounted directional rudder. It provides a setting to the engine, "the wind", so that the rotor plane is perpendicular to the wind speed through the revolving rotor and casing clamping against the tower. Rotor blade Rudder area code Shaft Housing Vertical Shaft Wind motor diagram

40. Power Plant Mielec Power Plant Rzeszów Hydropower Team Solina-Myczkowce Power station Stalowa Wola Electric Power in Podkarpacie

41. Power Plant Mielec Sp z o.o. to power plant located in Mielec in Podkarpackie province in the Special Economic Zone EURO-PARK Mielec. Currently, power plant supplies heat and electricity mainly for the city of Mielec and local industry. Power Plant Mielec Power Plant in Mielec

42. Power Plant Mielec is licensed URE to : • heat production, • transmission and distribution of heat, • electricity generation. EC Mielec now has : • the total installed thermal power - 228,5 MWt, • total installed electrical power - 30,44 MWe, Technical Data POWER PLANT mielec

43. Power Plant Rzeszów S.A. - major producer of heat and Electrotechnical for the city of Rzeszów and its environs. Public Limited Company since 1 January 1997. Currently (2009) PGE Rzeszów SA, owned by PGE Power Plant Rzeszów Power plant in Rzeszów

44. Hydropower team Solina-MyczkowceS.A. a team of two hydroelectric power stations on artificial water reservoirs on the river in the municipality of San Solina in Podkarpackie province. These are Power station Solina (49°23'44″N 22°27'13″E) and Power station Myczkowce (49°25'52″N 22°24'30″E). Hydropower Team Solina-Myczkowce Dam power station in Solina

45. In fall Hydropower team Solina-Myczkowce composition : Tank Top –Lake Solińskie Hydroelectric Solina Zbiornik dolny - Lake Myczkowieckie Hydroelectric Myczkowce Technical Data Hydropower Solina-Myczkowce

46. Technical Data Power station Stalowa Wola has a maximum production capacity 450 MW of electricity and 875 MW capacity. According to the concession of the President of URE, the total electric power attainable is 341 MW and total power of 341 MW thermal attainable. Power station Stalowa Wola Power station in Stalowa Wola

47. Friendly and less friendly ways of obtaining electrical energy from the elements Friendly: • renewable energy sources Less friendly: • coal combustion • petroleum • nuclear energy (already mentioned) • burning of fossil fuels

48. Renewable energy sources • Renewable energy sources are energy sources, whose use is not associated with their long-term deficit - the resource renews in a short time. The most important renewable energy is a drop of water. Other renewable sources include: • solar power (mentioned earlier), • wind energy (already mentioned) • biomass, • biogas, • geothermal energy , • hydropower. Renewable energy should not be confused with energy environmentally friendly because its production facilities may (but need not) cause environmental damage.

49. Biomass Biomass - mass of matter contained in the organisms. Biomass is given in relation to the surface (per square meter or kilometer) or volume (eg in the aquatic environment - per cubic meter).Biomass is expressed in terms of fresh weight (living organisms or natural mass of living organisms) and dry mass (weight of living organisms after drying or evaporation of water). Biomass is expressed in units of weight (eg gram or kilogram) and also in terms of organic carbon, or in units of energy (calorie, joule).        Measurement of biomass can calculate the biological production (see productivity) of the individual units of biological organization: individual, population, biocenosis ecosystem,biom or the entire biosphere.

50. Through photosynthesis solar energy is accumulated in the biomass, plant organisms initially, and later in the food chain and animal. Energy contained in the biomass can be used for human purposes. This involves the processing of other forms of energy by biomass burning or incineration of its degradation products. As a result of heat of combustion is obtained, which can be processed into other forms of energy such as electricity.For the purposes of energy is used most often : • timber of low technological quality and waste • animal faeces • sludge • straw, oil cake and other wastes of agricultural production • seaweed grown specifically for energy purposes • organic waste such as beet pulp, corn stalks, grass, alfalfa • vegetable oils and animal fats.