Yucca Mountain Homework Review Solar Energy Passive Solar Energy Active Solar Energy GM GYM Hydroelectric En

1. Yucca Mountain Homework Review Solar Energy Passive Solar Energy Active Solar EnergyGM GYM Hydroelectric Energy The Ocean Resource Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear Fission Homework Review TheNeed for EnergyOrganic Fuels CoalPetroleumNatural Gas Homework Review Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Getting Around Other Organic Fuels Atomic Theory Atoms, Isotopes RadioactivityNuclear Fission Radioactive Waste Chernobyl

2. I. ENERGY • Common: Heat, light, and electricity • Other forms: mechanical energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy. • These forms of energy meet the energy needs of the people on Earth.

3. ENERGY • Energy cannot be created or destroyed • Energy can, however, be changed • The storage, transfer, and conversion of energy is the driving forces behind all life on Earth

4. A. THE NEED FOR ENERGY • A fuel is any substance from which energy can be obtained • Electricity is generated by the conversion of other forms of energy • This conversion is not 100 percent efficient. • Some energy is converted to heat, light, or sound

5. THE NEED FOR ENERGY • 4. Non-renewable resource – a resource that is used faster than it is replaced in nature • Ex. Fossil Fuels, Sand, Metals • 5. Renewable Resource – a resource that is replaced in nature faster than it is used. • Ex. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water

7. B. Changing Energy Needs • Hunter-gatherer societies • Light, heat, and cooking • Wood met needs

8. Changing Energy Needs • 2. Agricultural societies • Domesticated animals • energy sources for plows and other farm equipment

9. Changing Energy Needs • 3. Industrial Revolution • Machines take over tasks • Farm equipment: horse-drawn plow gave way to tractors and harvesters • Fuel consumption increases due to manufacturing and use of machines

11. C. Organic Fuels • Organic Fuels: • Contain carbon • Were once part of living organisms • Also contain hydrogen • 2. A compound composed only of carbon & hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon

13. Organic Fuels • Hydrocarbons may contain impurities • other chemicals, such as sulfur or lead compounds • Impurities contribute to the pollution

14. 4. Fossil Fuels • Stored energy from ancient organisms can be used today as fuel source • Ex. Oil, Coal, Natural Gas

15. D. Coal plants + swamps + sediment + time = Coal • Formed when ancient plant material is compressed below sediment • Rock that is an organic fossil fuel

16. Coal • Heat & pressure: • Forces out water • Increases the carbon concentration • Increased carbon concentration means Increased energy and less smoke released during combustion.

18. 1. Stages in Coal formation • Peat • Lignite • Bituminous Coal • Anthracite

19. a. Peat • Found on Earth’s surface • Compressed plant material • High water concentration • Low energy production • Burns smoky • Brittle and brown • Low carbon concentration • Resembles decaying wood

20. b. Lignite • Compressed peat • Lower water concentration • Soft brown coal (40% carbon) • Releases little smoke and burns quick • Found below surface - Mined

21. c. Sub-bituminous coal • Type of coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal  • Used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation

22. d. Bituminous coal • Soft black coal • Most abundant in USA • Forms deep below surface – Mined • Less water & fewer impurities than lignite • Higher carbon concentration (85%) • Releases little smoke and burns hotter than lignite • Widely used in industries - power plants

23. d. Anthracite coal • Metamorphic rock • Shiny black color • Least water, fewest impurities • Highest carbon concentration (95%) • Located deeper in the ground than any of the other forms of coal • Burns the hottest with the least amount of smoke • Most expensive

25. E. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS • Fossil fuels can occur in the three phases of matter. • Coal - solid • Petroleum - liquid • Natural Gas - gas

26. 1. Petroleum organic material + shallow seas + sediment + time = Petroleum • Syrupy black liquid fossil fuel • Formed from ancient plankton and other microscopic protists, plants, and animals

27. Oil Trap • Impermeable - water & other liquids cannot pass through it. • Permeable– water & other liquids can pass through it. Impermeable Shale Permeable Sandstone Impermeable Shale

28. Oil Wells • Pressure builds up • Gusher: drilled well into a pressurized pool of oil - shoot upward • Where there is little or no pressure, oil must be pumped to the surface

31. a. Petroleum • One of the world's most important resources • Separated or refined to make a variety of products • Gasoline • Jet fuels • Motor oil • Heating oil • Kerosene

32. Petroleum examples cont’ • Grease and lubricants used to reduce friction are petroleum by-products • The asphalt, synthetic fabrics, and plastics are also made from petroleum

33. Petroleum b. Worldwide population increases so does the demand for petroleum

34. 2. Natural Gas • Mixture: • Methane - major hydrocarbon • Ethane - minorhydrocarbon • Propane -minor hydrocarbon • Trace amounts of: • Hydrogen sulfide • Carbon dioxide • Nitrogen • Helium

35. Natural Gas b. Use: • Industry • Homes and businesses for heating – burns cleaner • Household appliances • Does not have to be converted to electricity first; more efficient

36. Natural Gas • Household appliances Ex. • Stoves • Water heaters • Clothes dryers

37. Natural Gas c. Natural gas forms in much the same way as petroleum • Often found trapped above petroleum pools • Sometimes viewed as waste of drilling oil

39. Homework Review - Homework Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are (a) fuels; (b) fossil fuels; (c) organic fuels; (d) hydrocarbons.

40. Homework Review - Homework Energy conversion is not 100% efficient because energy is lost in the form of (a) light (b) heat (c) sound (d) all of the above

41. Homework Review - Homework The type of society that has the greatest energy needs is the (a) hunting society; (b) gathering society; (c) industrial society; (d) agricultural society.

42. Homework Review - Homework The first stage in the formation of coal is (a) lignite; (b) peat; (c) anthracite; (d) bituminous coal.

43. Homework Review - Homework The type of coal that has the highest carbon content is (a) peat; (b) lignite; (c) bituminous coal; (d) anthracite.

44. Homework Review - Homework The most abundant form of coal in the United States is (a) peat; (b) lignite; (c) anthracite; (d) bituminous coal.

45. Homework Review - Homework Coal is to fossil fuel as (a) Petroleum is to crude oil (b) Peat is to coal (c) Methane is to swamp gas (d) Alcohol is to biomass fuel

46. Homework Review - Homework Crude oil is another name for (a) alcohol; (b) methane; (c) peat; (d) petroleum.

47. Homework Review - Homework Petroleum: plastics as (a) alcohol: gasoline; (b) coal: carbon; (c) garbage: electricity; (d) industry: fuels.

48. Homework Review - Homework Mines: coal as (a) petroleum: refineries; (b) corn: alcohol; (c) land: agriculture; (d) wells: petroleum

49. Homework Review - Homework The use of corn to make alcohol is an example of (a) bioconversion; (b) fossil fuels; (c) hydrocarbon; (d) refining.

50. Homework Review - Homework Of the following the only example of a biomass fuel is (a) coal; (b) petroleum; (c) wood; (d) natural gas.