Performance Enhancing Drugs

Performance Enhancing Drugs Kim Edward Light, Ph.D. Professor, College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Objectives • Define and identify the different classes of performance enhancing drugs. • Discuss each class: • Scope of use • Actions and consequences • Impact on users health

Performance Enhancing Drugs • “Doping” • United States Anti-Doping Agency • Athletic competition • Aesthetic or cosmetic appearance

Build Mass & Strength Anabolic Steroids Human Growth Hormone Insulin Beta2-agonists Other Stimulants Caffeine Amphetamines Cocaine Calm Nerves Beta-blockers THC Alcohol Performance Mask Drug Use Diuretics Epitestosterone Plasma expanders Secretion inhibitors Analgesia Narcotics ACTH Cortisone Local Anesthetics Reduce Weight diuretics Enhance O2 Delivery Erythropoietin Blood doping Artificial oxygen carriers Performance Enhancing Drugs

Performance Enhancing Drugs • Building Mass and Strength • Anabolic steroids • Beta2 agonists • Clenbuterol, Tertbutaline, Salbutamol, Fenoterol • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Performance Enhancing Drugs • Building Mass and Strength • Human growth hormone (hGH) • Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) • Insulin

Steroids

Anabolic Steroids • Synthetic analogs of testosterone • Anabolic effect = promote muscle growth and increase strength • Androgenic effect = promote male sexual characteristics • Treat delayed puberty and body wasting secondary to some diseases • Anabolic steroid – DEA definition

Anabolic Steroids • Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids (AAS) • Common Use • Orally • Intramuscular • Topical • Patterns • "Stacked" • “Pyramid"

Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic Steroids • Side Effects • Hypertension, acne, fluid retention • Hypogonadism, gynecomastia • Sleep disturbances • Aggression, nose bleeds, depression • Prostate enlargement, heart enlargement • Appetite stimulation, libido reduction • Balding, masculinization • Liver problems including cancer

Anabolic Steroids • Adverse Consequences • Euphoria, well-being, • Mood swings • “Roid Rage” • Increased frequency of injuries • Other drug use • Opiates

Anabolic Steroids • Body Dysmorphia • The Adonis Complex • Megorexia, • Bigorexia, • muscle dysmorphia

Anabolic Promoters • Androstenediol • Androstenedione • DHEA – dehydroepiandrostenedione • Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)

Creatine • Amino acid available from diet • Converted to phosphocreatine • Source of phosphate-bond energy • Resynthesis of ATP during exercise • Retention of water • Enhanced muscle overuse and injury

Enhancing O2 Delivery • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Artificial oxygen carriers • Perfluorocarbons • Synthetic or modified hemoglobin • Liposome-encased hemoglobin • Blood doping

Masking Drug Use • Epitestosterone • Testosterone / epitestosterone < 6 normally • Plasma Expanders • Starch or protein based physiological salt solutions • Secretion Inhibitors • Probenecid

Performance Enhancing Drugs Monitoring The Future – Annual Study of Drug Use For the 2004 survey, 49,474 students in a nationally representative sample of 406 public and private schools were surveyed about lifetime, annual, and 30-day use. Bracketed figures in the tables below indicate a significant change between 2003 and 2004.

Performance Enhancing Drugs • The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) http://www.usantidoping.org/ • In 2002 a total of 5,659 tests were conducted and in 2003 the total was 6,880 tests. • Approximately 2,500 athletes • Positive rates were ~ 0.7-1.0% of tests

Summary • Definition and scope of Performance Enhancing Drugs • Identified the types of approaches and agents employed • Focus on Anabolic Steroids • Prevalence of use in our society • Resources for further information • http://www.steroidabuse.gov/ • http://www.usantidoping.org/

Performance Enhancing Drugs