PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM DALAM AGROEKOSISTEM

1. MK. PENGELOLAAN SDALH PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM DALAM AGROEKOSISTEM Diabstraksikan :smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2013.

2. What is agricultural biodiversity? It includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture: the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain key functions in the agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes. Local knowledge and cultural diversity can be considered an essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of agriculture which conserves this biodiversity. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

3. Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems In agricultural systems biodiversity is important • for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...(goods) • to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life (life support function) • to allow adaptation to changing situations • and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable agriculture – food security, income, employment,...) Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention over generations and it requires human management to sustain it. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

4. Agricultural Biodiversity is complex Human Management practices and decisions GENETIC and SPECIES DIVERSITY wild and domesticated CULTURAL DIVERSITY Crop based systems: food/fibre crops, pasture, trees (planned + harvested spp.) Mixed systemsand associated biodiversity: soil organisms, pollinators, predators Livestock based systems: pasture, rangelands, cattle, small ruminants, poultry... Case studies and experiences to be shared among countries and farming systems ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY varied production systems habitats and landscapes • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

5. Need to address all components of agrobiodiversity • Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges, borders, trees in the landscape; farm type) • Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial) • Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting, aspect, taste, storage, etc. • Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…) • as well as Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations; common property resources/ownership) • and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on ecosystem functions/processes and the servicesprovided (see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

6. Farmers managing … Farmers, even in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of the world, manage genes by their decisions on crop varieties, manage species by their decisions on farm animals and manage ecosystems by their decisions on soil or pollinators (Kenmore, 2002) A simple description of the linkages between the “managers” of natural resources and the different components of biodiversity; genes, species and ecosystems. Examples of specific situation can provide you an idea of the diverse needs of the natural resource management communities to be considered in observing and monitoring biodiversity The situations which I will be presenting are case studies highlighted during a satellite event on the occasion of the 9th Regular session of the commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture. The examples will cover agricultural, aquatic and forest biodiversity highlighting the need for a wide variety of data and information. Throughout this overview, reference will also be made to international framework and conventions • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

7. Managing Agro-ecosystem biodiversity COMPONENTS Predators Non-crop Soil Soil Pollinators Earthworms Herbivores and Parasites Vegetation Mesofauna Microfauna AGROECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY FUNCTIONS Nutrient Population Biomass Competition Pollination Soil structure Decomposition cycling regulation consumption Allelopathy Genetic Nutrient Predation Disease Biological Nutrient Sources of natural introgression cycling Nutrient cycling suppression control cycling enemies Crop wild relatives ENHANCEMENTS Intercropping Rotations No-Tillage Green manures Windbreaks Agroforestry Cover crops Composting OM inputs • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN From Altieri, M.A. Biodiversity and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth Press, New York, 1994)

9. Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

10. Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to agricultural biodiversity Increasing pressure on species and their environments: • Population growth and poverty (increasing demand) • Overexploitation, mismanagement • Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas • Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture – market forces • Pollution • Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisation Threats and risks • loss of plant and animal species • loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits) • also loss of essential natural processes • pollination by insects, birds, bats etc. • regeneration of soils by micro-organisms • also reduced resilience. Need toincrease resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt (to harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases) by maintaining a wide array of life forms with unique traits (e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions). • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

11. Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable Use of agrobiodiversity • Integrated agro-ecological approaches: IPM, soil biological management • Community-based adaptive management– animal and plant genetic resources, diverse farming systems • Local knowledge systems • multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of agrobiodiversity • community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change) • Ecosystem approach: address all components, systems functioning and services and human management (cf. EA principles) • Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under-utilized and under-valued biodiversity (opportunities; options) • grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below ground biomass) • mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.) • marketing (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc. • recognition of positive externalities (valuing ecological services provided by biodiversity associated with agricultural systems) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

12. Need to use common Agricultural Definitions Sustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable, economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic scientific approach and productive over the long term. Farm System : the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and interactions at this individual farm level Farming System: a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials, etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities) Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability: • soil (sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site impacts, ... ); • water (water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc); • vegetation (protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration) • biodiversity (resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intra- species, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions, • air quality (minimise greenhouse gas emissions) • rural amenities (e.g. landscape, tourism). • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

13. Need to build on ongoing global agro-biodiversity fora/intergovernmental processes • CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming) • International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of SoilBiodiversity • International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators • International Treaty on Plant GeneticResources for Food and Agriculture FAO IT-PGRFA • International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO • FAO Commission on GeneticResources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA • FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG These have resulted in: • Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, .... • Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem approach, farmer rights, • Panel of Experts… etc. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

14. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture (IT) • This legally binding instrument is crucial for sustainable agriculture. It provides a framework for national, regional and international efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits equitably, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity. • IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31st session of the FAO Conference (Resolution 3/2001) • It entered into force on 29 June 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

15. Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA Priority Activity AreasIn Situ Conservation and Development Activity 1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA 2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA 3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems 4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food production (Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Activity Activity 9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection 10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening 11 Promoting sustainable agriculture 12Promiting under-utilized crops and species 13 Supporting seed production and distribution 14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich products also Ex situ conservation..... Capacity building and Institutions..... • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

16. Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources • FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the sustainable use, development and conservation of domestic animal diversity • supported by the Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources • An essential element is the first State of the world's animal genetic resources - a comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process (as agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999). • First stage of reporting completed >170 Country Reports, reports by International organizations on relevant activities see DAD-IS. • CGRFA-10 decided that the 1st Report, including the Report on Strategic Priorities for Action should be finalized at the First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, hosted by the Government of Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken • Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by electronic Regional Consultations. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

17. SumbergenetikternakdomestikmenghadapirisikoResources at Risk Exotic genetic resources not sustainable Indiscriminate crossbreeding Genetic resources for future needs Desirable commitments by governments Include stakeholders in decision-making Identification of sources of funding Support breeder associations Strengthen extension services • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

18. Komisi FAO untSumberGenetikPangan dan Pertanian (CGRFA) • The CGRFA deals withpolicy, sectorial and cross sectorialmattersrelated to the conservation and utilization of geneticresources for food and agriculture. • It develops and monitors • the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal GeneticResources and • the Global System for Plant GeneticResources – for food and agriculture. • It has been addressinggeneticresources in a stepwisemanner (plant geneticresources animal …..) but has agreed on the need for an ecosystemapproach • Hence the sideevent on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10): Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity for foodsecurity (8-10 November 2004) and resulting in the publication on Biodiversity and the EcosystemApproach (Seewebsite) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

19. Pilihanteknologibaginegara-negara yang menerapkan AGBIO • Enhance biodiversity through • Sustainable agriculture • Sustainable pastoralism • Sustainable intensification (enhance productivity and function) • livelihoods’ diversification • Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources • Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the multiple roles of agriculture (www.fao.org/es/esa/roa) and externalities • Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

20. Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing agricultural biodiversity • Increased use of mixtures(intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry, crop-livestock systems) • Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material(plant and animal) • Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization • Promote decentralized and participatory breeding • Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies • Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs • Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and marketing methods; • Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling, registration) • Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity conseravtion and coping with climate change • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

21. Soil biodiversity and its management Managing termites and organic mulch for soil productivity by researchers in Burkina Faso: Surface mulch applied to crusted soils was used to stimulate termite feeding and burrowing. This lead to improved soil structures, better aggregate formation, and enhanced soil function.Mixing and burrowing of termites can be stimulated by applying organic mulch and their feeding can promote soil regenerative activities • I wouldlike to refer to a case study in the Sahel region, an in particular in Burkina Faso. • ---Case study – Burkina Faso: « Managing termites and organicresources to improvesoilproductivit in the Sahel » • http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseA2.pdf • This is a case study in response to the call of the CBD Sec as follow up to decision on agr-biod (FAO has assisted to compile suchstudies) • The main purpose of thisworkwas to evaluate the capacity of termites to improvetheirability to reducesoil compaction, increasesoilporosity and improve the water infiltration and retentioncapabalities of the soil. • So as to encourage vegetativediversity and restoration of primaryproductivity (all important issue for food and livelihoodsecurity in teh Sahel) • --- othercomments---not for presentation .. • « The capacity to enhancesoilbiologicalfunctionsthrough a betterunderstanding of soilbiodiversityprocess and mechanims and improved land use systems and practices have been seriouslyneglected.» • (Bennack et al., 2003) •  » • However, an increasingnumber of case studies are showingthesemechanims and showing the types of data and information frombiodiversity observation with respect to soilwithinmanagedecosystems. • Where termites behaviour has prooved to be an important component of agricultural practices: • Althrough agricultural pests, termites play and important role in recoveringdegradedecosystes (and enhance agricultural production) • Conserving termite populations (instead of eradicatingthem) and stimulatingtheirsoilmixingcapacitieswouldimprovedcrustedsoil. • Photo 2. Termite-createdvoids on crustedsoilafter • mulch application. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

22. Soil Biodiversity From Micro-organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi Micro & meso-fauna protozoa, nematodes to acari & springtails ...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below ground Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

23. Managing Pollinators Management practice: In Himachal Pradesh in Northwest Indian Himalayas farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apisceranaand Apismellifera for pollination of apple crop.  An organized system of hiring and renting bee colonies for pollination exists Case study from the North Western Himalayas concerning pollination. • It is important to highlight that the focus of agriculture in the Him-region is slowly shifting from traditional cereal crops for subsistence agriculture to high-value cash-crop farming … (fruits) • Thus this shift poses new challenges related to the improving and maintaining productivity and quality … • The study highlighted that a way to confront such challenge is through pollination … yet a decline in pollinators was noticeable … • The causes of the decline are identified as related to * Habitat fragmentation • agricultural and industrial chemicals • Parasites / diseases • Introduction of alien species • Taxonomic information • Economic values 5) A new management practice was then developed/applied: the hiring and renting bee colonies … ... Moreover some farmers are trying to save the population of existing pollinators by making judicious use of carefully selected less toxic pesticides and spraying outside the flowering period of the apple. •  There are more than 100 000 known pollinators (bees, butterflies, beetles, birds, flies and bats) • Many important food crops rely on animal pollination, including fruits and vegetables and foodder. The decline in pollinators populations impact negatively on food production. • In recent years there is a world wide decline in pollinator populations and diversitz (importance of monitoring population changes) Factors causing the decrease could be the decrease in their food (nectar and pollen) supplies as a result of decline in pristine areas, LUCs, increase in monoculture-dominated agricultural interventions (eg use of chemicals fertizers and pesticides) Changes in climate might also be affecting the insect numbers • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

24. Crop Increase in fruit set (%) Increase in fruit weight (%) Increase in fruit size (length/ diameter) (%) Reference Apple 10 33 15/10 Dulta and Verma, 1987 Peach 22 44 29/23 Partap et al, 2000 Plum 13 39 11/14 Partap et al, 2000 Citrus 24 35 9/35 Partap, 2000a Strawberry 112 48 Misshapen fruit decreased by 50% Partap 2000b Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus. Results: Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity These are some of the results highlighting the improvement in productivity and quality of the cash-crop (which then in turns is an improvement in terms of economic value) The study emphasised the need to conserve pollinators populations (and also the diversity) so as to ensure pollination ... By taking into consideration the factors behind the decline of pollinators …the study also highlighted the importance of biodiversity observations so as to maintain pollinators population and thus ensure pollination -MONITORING of the resources (cash crop yields and quality) of the pollinators (population and diversity) of the habitat / LUC Of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and their utilization … climate change Of the economic value of pollination … (free service vs hand-pollination like in the Maoxian county in China) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

25. Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm and Information Information, and seed exchange between farmers slow Access to research generated germplasm poor Participatory breeding with farmers’ organizations Joint activities for improved information sharing Test new options for seed dissemination • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

26. Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable pastoralism • Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals) • Livestock grazingand crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems • Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing wildlife from predators • Settled herders creates long-lasting nutrient hotspots (kraals; fields) • Intensification and fragmentation of rangelands seems to cause a LOSS in livestock production (may need to rethink ranching, sedentarisation) Challenges - control of livestock numbers: use of common property resources; prestige, savings, security, culture Improvement of pasture and rangelands • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

27. Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification Sustainable management practices:controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity • semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species, harvesting, gathering and planting • diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems • multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals) Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.) Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds Land use planningby communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas. Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

28. Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience • Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in responding to new challenges, by adapting their production system • Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors and the system in which they function • Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo. Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving targets/changing situations • Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to increase probability of meeting future needs • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

29. FAO: Roles of Agriculture Project Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not valued by market transactions  may be under-produced relative to what society desires. Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases Policy challenge to Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker) to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods(rules of access and use; mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use) to Integrate natural resources management/ecosystem approach (resources, and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems. Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

30. Roles of Agriculture ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES SOCIAL VIABILITY Equity; Stability FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION CULTURAL ROLE Gender; Heritage; IK • Global: • Ecosystem resilience • Climate change mitigation (C, land cover) • Biodiversity • Regional/National: • Ecosystem resilience • Watershed mgmt (prevent soil erosion & off-site impacts) • Water (stable regime;flood prevention) • Biodiversity • plant + animal genetic resources; services • wild spp.+wildlife conservation • Air quality (reduce GHG) Local: • Ecosystem resilience • Biodiversity • farmed spp., associated spp., ecosystem functions • NRM- soil+ water conservation • Pollution control • Global: • Social stability • Poverty Alleviation Regional/National: • Rural-urban migration (social implications) • Welfare systems substitute • Social capital formation • Biodiversity: diverse livelihoods • Local: • Social stability of rural community • Rural employment • Family values, gender impact. • Bodiversity-coping strategies; risk mgmt • Global: • Economic Growth • Poverty alleviation • World Food Security • Regional/National: • Access to food • National security • Food safety • support in times of crises (remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid) • Local: • Local / household food security • Biodiversity: nutrition; pest + disease control, options • Sustainability • Employment • Income  services • Global: • Cultural Diversity • Indigenous Knowledge • Regional/ National: • Cultural heritage • Cultural identity • Perception of roles of agriculture • Local: • Landscape, recreation, tourism • Indigenous knowledge (disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications) • Traditional technology. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

31. Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity • Market opportunities • Premium price for local products • Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop rotations; water harvesting • Add-value products (fruit and milk processing) • Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping) • Handicrafts and Ecotourism • Nutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities • Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity but micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids) • Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key roles in global food security • Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

32. Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

33. Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building • Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (coordination; committees). • Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender) • Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat dimensions) • Supporting on farm management • Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems • Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc) • Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender • Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers (local media, schools, etc) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

34. Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits BiodiversityAgriculture Productivity Adaptation Maintenance of ecosystem functions Agriculture Biodiversity Delivery of ecosystem services Incentives Ecological knowledge • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

35. Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits It is an important issue in order to understand the needs of the natural resources management communities … Biodiversity benefits agricultural/managed ecosystems productivity: conservation management of broad-based genetic diversity within domesticated species has been improving agricultural production for 10000 years; Adaptation: a diverse range of organisms contributes to the resilience of agricultural ecosystems and their capacity to recover from environmental stress and to evolve. Maintenance of ecosystem functions: essential functions …. Agricultural/managed ecosystems benefits biodiversity • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

36. The National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme in Lao NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME CROP AND CROP ASSOCIATED BIODIVERSITY LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY HOUSEHOLD-BASED INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

37. FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications You are invited to look at display copies of • Biodiversity Awareness Folder(series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. Why is Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro-ecosystem Functions? • Publication Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003, case studies developed with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp • Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case studies of Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security (November 2004) • distributed Publications: Valuing crop biodiversity and Beyond the Gene Horizon (prepoared with IPGRI, now Bioversity) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

38. Overview of the FAO - Government of Kenya Agrobiodiversity ProgrammeFAO–Netherlands Partnership Programme(FNPP II - 2005 – 2007) Collaboration for policy and strategic support for sustainable ecosystems, rural livelihoods and food security Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN Food Security Agrobiodiversity Forestry

39. Linkages/synergies being developed among themes for integrated process Coordination for more effective programmes and actions (identify gaps, avoid duplication) Impact on policy: within 2 years contribute to harmonised policy (agro-environment, food and nutrition policy, agroforestry) In longer term improve programme synergy and resource allocations and improve situation for rural people through Inter-sectoral/disciplinarity Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN Food Security Agrobiodiversity Forestry

40. Guiding principlesof Kenya strategic integrated programme People centred (gender equity) Inter-sectoral approach/ process Strengthening existing programme activities   Policy impact in short/ medium term Ecosystem approach Opportunity for establishing synergies Integrating water • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

41. AGBD Programme framework and linkages Policy dialogue- mainstreaming AGBD, enabling environment Harmonisation AGBD, FS, FO Integrated land use, resources and agrobiodiversity assessment Specific studies Specific databases Training institutes - information and communication Local community action in Dryland district -agropastoral communities Case studies and policy briefs Local community action in Lake Zone district - fishing communities • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

42. AGBD Issues respond to needs identified Habitat management (beaches, user rights, pollination) Integrated resources management (agro-ecological approaches; river basin management, soil, water, biological resources) Alternative livelihoods (fishing communities) Invasiveness (e.g. Prosopis – other woody species. learning from fisheries) Responding to HIV/AIDS (labour saving CA approaches, nutrition, fisher-trader links) Drought resilience (local varieties/species, runoof management Markets - Seeds Networks (prices, organisation, farming as a business) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

43. AgrobiodiversityProgramme: Local level –FFS in diverse farming systems/AEZ Identifying and adapting agro-biodiversity management options + opportunities 1) Mwingi district, semi-arid agro-pastoral  drought resilient, mixed systems 2. Bondo district, Sub-humid Lake Zone sustainable, productive aquatic and terrestrial systems 3. Coastal zone: INRA pilot Link with drylands Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia 1 2 Link across Lake Victoria basin • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

44. 1a)Targets farmer groups, extension/facilitators FFS Resource management systems, land & water, Diversification- species, habitat management Soilhealth, pollination, aquaculture + fishery LInKS • Integrating AGBD in FFS activities in Bondo + Mwingi • Community appraisal of AGBD situation and awareness • CurricuIum development to improve understanding and know-how on AGBD conservation and sustainable use • Farmer field schools for Promoting farmer innovations, use of Indigenous knowledge and Technology transfer on AGBD  to improve food and livelihood security • Community Action - Research: Test and adapt improved management practices,study plots, demonstrations, innovation, experimentation, local knowledge • Impact analysis on agro-ecosystems and livelihoods • Impact of markets- response to / increase options • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

45. Identified General topics for FFS process • Community resources management + impacts (species, habitats, etc.) • Changing customs and innovations (practices, by-laws, diet, recipes..) • Local conservation strategies; individual and communal • Effects of markets and market development • Ecological services e.g. pollination, beekeeping; soil health, water • Impact of cash crops (on systems, income, environment, security..) • IPM, safe use and beneficial insect species • Links with other actors (nutrition, health, business management etc.) • Farming, fish farming and fisheries in Lake Victoria basin • Local vegetables (income, nutrition, ..) • Alien species • 2 fisheries scenarios: river (aquaculture) and lake (catch) • Upstream agric. and non-agricultural practices affecting aquatic area • Changes in aquatic area (not only fish) • Conservation and use – e.g. products of wild harvested spp.such as Papyrus • Drought resilient agropastoral systems • Genebank of local varieties • Communal seed systems (storage) • Effects of commercialised crops • Drought resistant crops: sorghum varieties; green gram; pigeon pea • Resilient, productive systems (water harvesting etc.) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

46. 1.b) Targets extension and technical staff • Curriculum development– integrate AGBD in training • Training materials/ short courses • Livelihoodapproaches- HIV/AIDS, gender, nutrition • Exchange between extension and training • Workshops withcolleges • Development of Case studies and Policy briefs • 1.b Integrating agrobiodiversity in training institutions • Assessment of training institutes to work with • Coordination with Ministry of Education and KIE for teacher training, education, etc. • - Identify gaps and opportunities in existing curricula of selected training institutes (e.g. Egerton + Baraka; Moi Uni. (fisheries, UJK- pollinators); • Link with FFS for documentation, case studies and practical experiences • Integrate human and biophysical systems dimensions FFS in Kenya • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

47. AGBD 2: Improving access to information & knowledge 2.a Integrated natural resources assessment INRA (builds on forest resources assessment) Assess available information and needs (status and trends - land use, habitat/species) Develop and pilot inter-sectoral methodology (AGBD, land use, land, water, other natural resources, ecosystem) Identify indicator and tools (field survey, transects, RRA-questionnaire) Capacity building (Participatory mapping and assessment; RS, sampling, Compatible data, database development and analysis) Targets technical capacity & informed decision making by policy makers/resource manager Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

48. Improving access to information & knowledge (cont.) 2.b) Information systems on alien species in fisheries and forestry 2c) Information on plant genetic resources for food an agriculture • Assess status of genetic resources with FFS • Train people to collect and analyse data • Improve the quality of information about PGRFA status and dynamics • Contribute to reporting commitment to State of World report on PGRFA • link with over 26 key PGR institutions Targets: technical + extension level (Partners: Genebank, IPGRI..) • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

49. 2d) Research on Managing Seed Systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources: Two focus areas 1. Using markets to promote sustainable use of CGR How to manage seed systems to promote sustainable agriculture, improved farm welfare and in situ conservation of important crop genetic diversity. Methodology development • Case studies: Mali, Kenya, India, Mexico, Bolivia 2. Economic analysis of seed system impacts on farm welfare and on farm diversity Assessing the links between seed systems and farm level use of crops and varieties and their implications for welfare and diversity Case studies: Ethiopia (Sorghum, Wheat); Mozambique (cowpea) India (Pearl Millet) Mexico (Maize) in partnership with IPGRI, ICRISAT, IFPRI, and CIMMYT • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

50. Encourage partnerships for institutional capacity building & integrated NR management. Multiple Partners are identified for synergy and collaboration • Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock • Departments: Resource survey and remote sensing; Fisheries and forestry • Ministry of Environment and Education • technical bodies KARI, KEFRI, ICRAF,ITDG, JKU, ICRISAT, ILRI, KEMFRI... • Community level: District, FFS, Extension, • Universities (Egerton, Moi, Jomo Kenyatta) • Training colleges- teacher training, agriculture and forestry • Partner organisations: ICRISAT, Bioversity, ITDG, CIKSAP, etc. • Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN