Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

1. Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control Chapter 5

2. 5-3 What Limits the Growth of Populations? • Concept 5-3 No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.

3. Populations Have Certain Characteristics • Populations differ in their: • Distribution • Numbers • Age structure (proportion of individuals in diff. age groups) • Density (number of individuals in a given area) • Population dynamics – the study of changes in population characteristics due to: • Temperature • Presence of disease organisms or harmful chemicals • Resource availability • Arrival or disappearance of competing species

4. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches • Most populations live in clumps although other patterns occur based on resource distribution. • Clumps can help provide protection, aid in capture of prey, or be for mating or caring for young.

5. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable • Populations increase through: • Births • Immigration= arrival of individuals from outside the population • Populations decrease through: • Deaths • Emigration = departure of individuals from the population

6. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable • The proportion of individuals at various ages is the population’s age structure. • Pre-reproductive age: not mature enough to reproduce. • Reproductive age: those capable of reproduction. • Post-reproductive age: those too old to reproduce. • How fast a population grows or declines depends on its age structure: • Young populations can grow fast • Old populations decrease over time • Even age distribution will result in constant population size

7. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely • Biotic Potential • The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate a population would grow if it had unlimited resources. • Maximum rate of population increase under ideal conditions. • In nature, biotic potentials are rarely reached • Individuals in populations with high r : • Reproduce early in life • Have short generation times • Can reproduce many times • Have many offspring each time they reproduce

8. In general, Populations with large individuals have a low biotic potential Humans, elephants, blue whales Populations with small individuals have a high biotic potential Bacteria, insects, microorganisms Examples Rabbits are sexually mature at 5 months of age. Their gestation period averages 31 days and the average litter size is 6 offspring. It is possible to have 8 litters per year. If we start with 1 fertile female and assume that 0 die and 50 percent of the litter is female, at the end of twelve months we have approximately 1,850 rabbits. Bacteria populations can double every 20 minutes For humans, the biotic potential (for females age 14 years to 50 years) can average as high as 12 per female. Elephants have a 22 month gestation period and can usually only give birth once every 4 years. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely

9. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely • In nature, all rapidly growing populations will eventually reach a size limit imposed by various limiting factors such as: • Light • Water • Space • Nutrients • Competition • Predators • Infectious diseases

10. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely • No population can increase its size indefinitely. Environmental Resistance– the sum of all the factors that act to limit the growth of a population • Limiting factors can be food, water, light, space, nutrients, competitors, predators, disease, etc. • These factors act as a negative feedback on the population size. Carrying capacity(K): the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without degrading the habitat.

11. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves Linear Growth Exponential Growth • We will be using these terms in our population growth discussions • Know them!! Logistic Growth

12. Populations grow rapidly with ample resources – starts off as exponential growth (J-Curve). As resources become limited, its growth rate slows and levels off. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves

13. As a population levels off (forming the S-Curve) it often fluctuates slightly above and below the carrying capacity. This fluctuation can be small, large, regular, or irregular. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves

14. When a Population Exceeds Its Habitat’s Carrying Capacity… Populations which overshoot their carrying capacity suffer a crash (or dieback) This situation is made possible by a reproductive time lag The time needed for birth/death rates to change in response to environmental changes. Overshooting the carrying capacity can adversely affect the ecosystem as well Decrease the carrying capacity

15. Under Some Circumstances Population Density Affects Population Size • Population density: the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area. • Some population controls are density-dependent. This means that they have a greater effect as the population density increases. • e.g. biotic factors, predation, competition, disease, scarcity of food • Other population controls are density-independent and are not affected by population density. • e.g. abiotic factors like weather, pollution, fire

16. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns r-selected species– Large number of smaller offspring with little parental care. They overcome the massive loss of offspring by having so many that even if only very few survive – it is enough. Opportunists – reproduce and disperse at a rapid rate (r) when conditions are favorable.

17. K-selected species– Fewer, larger offspring with higher invested parental care. Produce offspring later in life and put a lot of energy into one offspring. Competitors – can compete well for resources when the population is close to the carrying capacity (K). Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns

18. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns

19. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns Answer: R-selected species – they are more adaptive to changing environmental conditions. Since they have many offspring and much faster, they can also evolve much more quickly.

20. Population Change Curves in Nature • Population sizes often vary in regular cycles when the predator and prey populations are controlled by the scarcity of resources. • These populations are regulated through: • Top-down population regulation – predation, parasitism • Bottom-up population regulation – the scarcity of resources

21. Survivorship Curves: • The way to represent the age structure of a population is with a survivorship curve. • Late loss population (Type I) • Live to an old age • Humans, elephants • Constant loss population (Type II) • Die randomly at all ages • Most birds • early loss population (Type III) • Most members die at young ages • Fish, amphibians, many insects