Chapter 5: Smart Grid Communications Networks: WirelessTechnologies, Protocols, Issues and Standards

1. HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATIONAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Chapter 5: Smart Grid Communications Networks: WirelessTechnologies, Protocols, Issues and Standards Quang-Dung Ho and Tho Le-Ngoc ECE Dept., McGill University, Montreal, Canada

2. Contents • Introduction to Smart Grid • Smart Grid Communications Network (SGCN) • Communications Traffic and Required Quality of Services (QoSs) • Wireless Communications Technologies for SGCN • Neighbor Area Network (NAN) and Open Research Issues • Smart Grid Standards • Summary • References

3. Smart Grid • a new digital meter on your breaker panel? • a wireless network that reads those meters remotely or the data management system that processes the information? • some solar panels on the roof? • a load-controller on the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system? • Smart Grid is the inclusion of all of these things

4. Smart Grid • “an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network characterized by a two-way flow of electricity and information, capable of monitoring and responding to changes in everything from power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances” [1] • “the electricity delivery system (from point of generation to point of consumption) integrated with communications and information technology for enhanced grid operations, customer services, and environmental benefits”(Funding for Smart GriFunding Grid Activities, US Department of Energy, 2009, link: www.gefa.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=925)

5. Smart Grid Can • Identify and resolve faults on electricity grid • Automatically self-heal the grid • Monitor power quality and manage voltage • Identify devices or subsystems that require maintenance • Help consumers optimize their individual electricity consumption (minimize their bills) • Enable the use of smart appliances that can be programmed to run on off-peak power

6. SG Comm. Network (SGCN) • The key to achieving these potential benefits of SG is to successful build up Smart Grid Communications Network (SGCN) that can support all identified SG functionalities • Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI), • Demand Response (DR), • Electric Vehicles (EVs), • Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA), • distributed energy resources and storage, • distribution grid management, etc.

7. SG Comm. Network (SGCN) Microgrid Smart Meter Substation Substation Customer Electric Vehicle Non-renewable Enegy Microgrid Wind Enegy Solar Enegy Power Transmission Grid Power Distribution Grid Power Generation Power Consumption (a) Power System Layer Wireless Backhaul Control Center Concentrator Smart Home Device Base Station Wired Backhaul Network Smart Meter Data Aggregation Point (DAP) Neighbor Area Network (NAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Home Area Network (HAN) (b) Communications Layer The overall layered architecture of SG

8. Traffic and Required QoSs

9. Wireless Comm. Technologies

10. Neighbor Area Network (NAN) • Gathers a huge volume of various types of data and distributes important control signals from and to millions of devices installed at customer premises • The most critical segment that connects utilities and customers in order to enable primarily important SG applications

11. Characteristics of NAN • To support a huge number of devices that distribute over large geographical areas • Must be scalable to network size and self-configurable • Heterogeneous and location-aware • Link condition and thus network connectivity are time-varying due to multipath fading, surrounding environment, harsh weather, electricity power outage, etc.

12. Characteristics of NAN • Deployed outdoor, thus must be robust to node and link failures • Carries different types of traffic that require a wide range of QoSs • Needs QoS awareness and provisioning • Mainly supports Multi-Point-to-Point (MP2P) and Point-to-Multiple-Point (P2MP) traffic • Very vulnerable to privacy and security

13. Wireless Routing Overview Routing protocols for wireless networks • Simple • Message implosion, resource-blind,mainly for P2P Flooding-based • Simple, exploits location infor. • Loops, distance not represents link quality Location-based • Adapts well to link quality, supportsMP2P and P2MP, supports QoSs • Complicated, needs more signalings Self-organizing • Resource-efficient, supports security • Complicated, less dynamic to link conditions Cluster-based

14. Candidate Routing Protocols for NAN • Greedy Geographic routing (GEO) [40] • Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) [4146] • IEEE 802.11s Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) [4749]

15. Open Issues in NAN • Downlink Communications • QoS Differentiation and Provisioning • Network Self-healing • Multicasting • Cluster-based Routing • Optimal Network Design

16. Smart Grid Standards • Inter-operability: “the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged” • The overall SG system is lacking widely accepted standards

17. Smart Grid Standards • Standards Development Organizations (SDOs): • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), • American National Standards Institute (ANSI), • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), • International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), • etc. • Alliances: • ZigBee Alliance, Wi-Fi Alliance, HomePlug Powerline Alliance, Z-Wave Alliance, etc.

18. NIST Activities • “primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve inter-operability of smart grid devices and systems ...” (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Title XIII, Section 1305) • Specific activities: • (i) identifying existing applicable standards • (ii) addressing and solving gaps where a standard extension or new standard is needed and • (iii) identifying overlaps where multiple standards address some common information

19. NIST Activities • NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Inter-operability Standards, Release 1.0 [52] • 25 relevant standards (and additional 50 standards for further review) • NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Inter-operability Standards, Release 2.0 [53] • 34 reviewed standards (and additional 62 standards for further review)

20. NIST Activities • Priority Action Plans (PAPs), each addresses one of the following situations: • a gap exists, where a standard extension or new standard is needed; • an overlap exists, where two complementary standards address some information that is in common but different for the same scope of application

21. NIST Activities PAPs identified by NIST

22. Representative SG Standards WiMAX 3G/4G Cellular Wi-Fi IEEE P2030 IEC 61850 SONET DNP3 Substation Wide Area Network IEC 61400-25 IEC 61850 DNP3 CIM Control center SUN Wind farm Wi-Fi 3G/4G Cellular Neighbor Area Network IEEE 1547 BACnet OpenADR DRBizNet IEC 61850-7-420 SAE J2293 SAE J2836 SAE J2847 C12.18 C12.19 C12.22 M-Bus Commercial user Distributed Energy Resources Zigbee Wi-Fi Smart meter PHEV Residential user Home Area Network

23. Summary • This chapter gives an insight view of the Smart Grid Communications Network (SGCN) by presenting • its layered architecture, • typical types of traffic that it may carry and associated quality of service requirements, • as well as candidate wireless communications technologies that can be employed for its implementation • Networking issues that the Neighbor Area Network (NAN) segment of SGCN needs to tackle are highlighted by • exploring characteristics and requirements of this network segment • identifying important gaps that existing wireless routing protocols need to cover for their applicability into NAN • This chapter also reviews a number of standards for smart grid inter-operability

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