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Examining the shift in literary attitudes from the 19th century to modernism, focusing on realism, aestheticism, community of shared reality, and the challenge to prevailing beliefs in works by Shaw, Hardy, and James.
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Peter Faulkner Modernism
Dissociation from 19°-century assumptions • Community of attitudes, a shared sense of reality between writer and reader • Realism: “the art of copying from nature” • The Victorian writer’s direct address to the reader • Consensus
Literature and religion, ethical orientation, a lack of force and range (sexual relationships) (p. 4) • Aestheticism: “a multiplied consciousness”; lying as the proper aim of art. • ‘Social’ drama and the challenge to prevailing attitudes (Bernard Shaw, Plays Unpleasant, 1898)
The reception of Hardy’s Jude the Obscure (1896) • Henry James’s ‘The Art of Fiction’ (p. 6) • “A novel is a living thing” • Emphasis on the variety of personal responses, the subjectivity of each individual observer. • What’s the unifying perspective?
The Golden Bowl (1907): the first part represents the perspective of one character, the second part the perspective of another.