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The productivity of plants is effected before visible damage

No visible symptoms. Moderate damage. Severe damage. The productivity of plants is effected before visible damage. Alistair Rogers. Ground Level Ozone Workshop Saturday March 7, 2009 Stony Brook University. Vandermeiren et al (2005). New York State NO x emissions (tons mile -2 ). 0 – 5

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The productivity of plants is effected before visible damage

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  1. No visible symptoms Moderate damage Severe damage The productivity of plants is effected before visible damage Alistair Rogers Ground Level Ozone Workshop Saturday March 7, 2009 Stony Brook University Vandermeiren et al (2005)

  2. New York State NOx emissions (tons mile-2) 0 – 5 5 – 10 10 - 2000 www.airnow.gov

  3. 0 - 64 65 - 84 85 - 104 105 - 124 125+ Ozone concentration www.airnow.gov

  4. Ozone concentration has risen by 36% since the industrial revolution and is predicted to increase at a rate of 0.5 to 2.5% per annum Ozone (ppb) Year IPCC (2001, 2007)

  5. Mean crop responses to ozone 100 Sorghum 80 Corn Percent yield no ozone 60 Wheat Soybean 40 0 40 80 120 Seasonal average of daily peak ozone (ppb) (USDA)

  6. Current impact of background ozone on crop yield Feng & Kobayashi (2009)

  7. Impact of background ozone on crop yield in 2030 Feng & Kobayashi (2009)

  8. Acute v Chronic Ozone Exposure • Acute • Exposure to high concentrations (>120 ppb) for several hours • Uncontrolled cell & tissue death • Chronic • Exposure to an elevated background concentration (daily peaks 40 - 120 ppb) • Often no visible symptoms • Decreased photosynthesis, accelerated senescence

  9. O3 stoma chloroplast guard cell cuticle epidermis mesophyll

  10. ethylene jasmonate aspirin damaging oxidants O3 vitamin C signaling Reduced photosynthesis Accelerated senescence Improved defense against O3

  11. damaging oxidants O3 vitamin C signaling Repair & protection pathways nucleus

  12. damaging oxidants O3 vitamin C Changes to the cell wall signaling Repair & protection pathways nucleus

  13. damaging oxidants O3 vitamin C rubisco signaling CO2 dark reactions sugar & starch energy protease light reactions chloroplast

  14. Impact of acute ozone exposure on photosynthesis 150 light reactions 100 % control dark reactions 50 rubisco activity 0 0 4 8 12 16 Time (h) Long & Naidu (2002)

  15. Impact of chronic ozone exposure on photosynthesis in wheat 150 100 light reactions % control stomatal conductance 50 rubisco content 0 completion of leaf expansion early grain fill late grain fill Long & Naidu (2002)

  16. Impact of chronic ozone exposure on photosynthesis in soybean Fiscus et al (2005)

  17. damaging oxidants O3 vitamin C signaling photosynthetic gene transcription accelerated senescence senescence associated gene transcription nucleus

  18. CO2 Control O3 Leaf area index Demody et al (2006) www.soyface.illinois.edu www.soyface.illinois.edu

  19. reduced photosynthesis reduced leaf area reduced productivity = + Summary

  20. How can plants better adapt to ozone? • Control ozone entry into the leaf • reduced stress v reduced productivity • Alter the signal transduction pathway • Reduced sensitivity v decreased resistance to pests & pathogens • Improve detoxification • Reproductive tissue is still vulnerable Ainsworth et al (2008)

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