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Chapter 46 and 47 REPRODUCTION

Chapter 46 and 47 REPRODUCTION. Sperm Head Acrosome = in head of sperm and full of digestive enzymes Nucleus = 23 chromosomes to fertilized egg Middle Piece = contain mitochondria to provide energy for sperm Tail = propulsion to move sperm.

kaitlin-callery
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Chapter 46 and 47 REPRODUCTION

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  1. Chapter 46 and 47 REPRODUCTION

  2. Sperm Head Acrosome = in head of sperm and full of digestive enzymes Nucleus = 23 chromosomes to fertilized egg Middle Piece = contain mitochondria to provide energy for sperm Tail = propulsion to move sperm

  3. Menstrual Cycle = 28 day cycle that prepares uterus for implantation of the egg

  4. Stimulus = Low levels of estrogen and progesterone Response = Hypothalamus releases GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Anterior Pituitary = releases FSH = follicle stimulating hormone LH = Luteinizing hormone

  5. Stimulus = FSH triggers development of egg and follicle Response = Follicle releases estrogen, blood vessels develop in the uterus

  6. Stimulus = Positive feedback from rise in estrogen 14th day Response = Hypothalamus releases more GNRH Anterior Pituitary releases more LH Ovulation Occurs: release of egg from follicle and ovary After Ovulation : follicle is called a CORPUS LUTEUM

  7. Corpus Luteum = releases estrogen and protesterone Response: uterine lining called ENDOMETRIUM thickens with blood vessels for egg

  8. Stimulus; high levels of estrogen and progesterone Response = hypothalamus and anterior pituitary shut down production of FSH and LH (negative feedback)

  9. Stimulus: low levels of FSH and LH Response: corpus luteum deteriorates / estrogen and progesterone production stops/ endometrium sheds (menstruation)

  10. Embryo implants in Uterus Embryo = HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin = sustains the corpus luteum = progesterone and estrogen W/O HCG = embryo could not survive and menstruation would begin Pregnancy Test = look for levels of HCG

  11. OVARIAN CYCLE Follicular phase = development of the egg Ovulation = release of egg Luteal Phase = corpus luteum and release of estrogen and progesterone

  12. Estrous Cycle = “in heat” animals that only mate certain time of the year No menstruation / endometrium is reabsorbed

  13. Metamorphosis = development that transforms a larva into an adult

  14. Embryo = early cleavages and germ layers form Fetus = embryo that resembles infant form (after 2 months)

  15. Fertilization = sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte Acrosomal Reaction = enzymes in head of sperm penetrate egg (protein of sperm binds with receptor of egg Cortical Reaction = cortical granules discharge and make the Viteline Layer (Zona Pellucida) sperm proof

  16. Ca+ released from ER in egg cause cortical granules to release contents and form sperm proof membrane

  17. Completion of Meiosis II in secondary oocyte upon sperm entry Fusion of DNA = 46 chromosomes and forming fertilized egg or ZYGOTE

  18. Cleavages = rapid cell divisions w/o cell growth Embryo Polarity Animal Pole = embryo Vegetal Pole = more dense (yolk) stored food

  19. Cleavages = produce smaller cells with less cytoplasm called Blastomeres Protosomes Deuterosomes Spiral cleavage Radial Cleavage Determinate Indeterminate

  20. Morula = solid ball of cells Blastula = liquid fills morula, forming hollow sphere Blastocoel = hollow cavity in blastula MORULA BLASTULA GASTRULA

  21. Gastrulation = group of cells invaginate into blastula Archenteron = gut tube, surrounded by endoderm Blastopore = opening to archenteron

  22. Ectoderm = digestive track, liver, lungs Mesoderm = skeleton, muscle, heart, blood, kidney Endoderm = skin, nervous system

  23. Chorion = outer membrane for gas exchange in egg Mammals = implants into endometrium to become the placenta Allantois = stores waste and fuses with chorion for gas exchange Mammals = becomes umbilical cord transporting waste to placenta Amnion = fluid filled cavity that surrounds and protects embryo Yolk Sac = stored food for embryo Mammals = yolk sac is empty

  24. Organogensis = development of organs Notochord = forms from upper surface of mesoderm Higher animals = vertebrae Neural tube = forms from ectoderm to become brain and spinal cord Neural Crest = cells migrate from nerual tube to become Teeth, bones, muscle of skull, Adrenal medulla etc.

  25. Gray Crescent = forms after sperm fertilizes frog egg Hans Spermann = seperated cells from early cleavage will form new frog if gray crescent is present

  26. Dorsal lip = becomes notochord in frog Frog with two dorsal lips would have two notochords Dorsal lip = organizer

  27. BIRDS Blastodisc = flatten blastula that sits on top of the large yolk Primitive Streak = invagination occurs along a line

  28. Humans and other Mammals • Blastocyst = blastula stage • Made of two parts • Trophoblast= functions • Implants in endometrium • b. Makes HCG • c. Chorion which leads to placenta

  29. Embryonic Disc = embryo Inner Cell Mass (ICM) = makes a primitive streak like birds

  30. Factors that Influence Development • Uneven division of cytoplasm / influence development • 2. Embryonic Induction = one cell influences neighboring cells (organizers, dorsal lip) • 3. Homeotic genes = genes that influence development • homeobox = group of genes found from fungi to humans (180 nucleotides)

  31. Lineage Map = all cell divisions of an organism can be traced back to orginal zygote Example: Nematode

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