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Parasite Management in Goats

Parasite Management in Goats. Dr. Beth Walker Missouri State University & Dr. Dusty Nagy University of Missouri Columbia. How do I know if I have worms?. Do you have goats/ sheep?. How do I know if I have a problem with worms?. Do you see animals with clinical signs consistent with worms?

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Parasite Management in Goats

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  1. Parasite Management in Goats Dr. Beth Walker Missouri State University & Dr. Dusty Nagy University of Missouri Columbia

  2. How do I know if I have worms? • Do you have goats/ sheep?

  3. How do I know if I have a problem with worms? • Do you see animals with clinical signs consistent with worms? • Diarrhea? • Weight loss? • Exercise intolerance? • Pale mucus membranes? • Peripheral edema (bottle jaw)? • Poor rate of gain? • What is your death loss in the herd? • Do you know why animals die?

  4. $ $ $

  5. Overview • Every parasite is not created equally • Infestation  disease • Every parasite is not treated the same • On ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

  6. Internal Parasites • Greatest concern among producers • $$$$$$ • Reproductive losses • Death • “Prevention rather than cure” A. David Scarfe • “Cydectin should be kept in a glass box and labeled “Open only in case of WAR” Dr. David Pugh

  7. Management of Parasites What are our best defenses? 1. Knowing our enemies 2. Knowing our weaknesses 3. Knowing our strengths 4. Proper Management

  8. Factors influencing the potential for parasitism • Temperature • Humidity • Age of host • Seasonality and pregnancy status • Pasture management system • Anthelminthic resistance • Differences among dewormers

  9. Temperature • Worm eggs hatch between 45 and 100°F • Freezing kills worm larvae • Worm ova progress to infective larvae in 7-21 days • Maturation is faster at higher temperatures

  10. Humidity • Larvae are readily destroyed by drying • Parasitism is rare in arid climates • Pasture contamination is greatly reduced in July and August

  11. Age of host • Acquired immunity • Young animals more susceptible

  12. Pasture management systems • Traditional pasture strategies • Multiple small paddocks • Strip grazing • Strategic (pre-turn-out) deworming • Forage harvesting strategies

  13. Pasture management systems • Traditional pasture strategies • Multiple small paddocks • Strip grazing • Strategic (pre-turn-out) deworming • Forage harvesting strategies

  14. Anthelminthics • Available products • Benzimidazole • Avermectins • Others – levamisole • Resistance • Use of fecal examinations • When? • FAMACHA

  15. Control strategies and principals • Deworming is most beneficial in neonates • Pastures are less contaminated in early spring and mid-summer • Strategic deworming will limit pasture contamination • Spring deworming limits pasture contamination • Pasture rotation will limit exposure to parasite ova

  16. Food for thought • What is the single most important tool in small ruminant medicine?

  17. Common Problems • Stocking density • True number • Actual

  18. Common Problems • Feed • Availability • Delivery system

  19. Our Enemies: Major Internal Parasites • Haemonchus contortus • Coccidia (protozoan) • Nematodes (round worms) • Cestodes (tapeworms) • Trematodes (flukes)

  20. # 1 on the Most Unwanted List: • Haemonchus contortus – barber pole worm • Major cause of anemia, bottle jaw, death • Thrives in warm, humid conditions • Larvae will live on short grasses • Early to mid-morning • Will dry out but can survive until moist conditions return • 10,000 adults can kill a sheep or goat

  21. Haemonchus contortus

  22. Haemonchus contortus

  23. Haemonchus contortus http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/ENT156HTML/E156haemB http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/index.html

  24. Haemonchus contortus

  25. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Coccidia • Generally host specific • Symptoms • Diarrhea - usually bloody • High percentage of young affected • High death loss if not treated • Rapid death loss if not treated

  26. Coccidiosis • 3 weeks-5 months • sporadic in older animals

  27. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Treatment for Coccidia • Lasalocid (Bovatec) FDA approved Dosage: 20 gm/ton in feed or 90 gm/ton in salt • Monensin (Rumensin) Not FDA approved Dosage: 15 gm/ton of feed throughout feeding period Precautions:        May be toxic to sheep • Amprolium (Co Rid)DecoquinateSulfa drugsNitrofurazone

  28. http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/life_cycles.html

  29. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Lungworm • feed on fluid in the lung • can damage lungs such to cause bacterial pneumonia • adult lives in lung, eggs laid in lung and coughed up then swallowed and hatch in gut • develop and grow and migrate via to lung via lymph

  30. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Whipworms • Usually not a problem • Slow to develop (3 to 4 month life cycle) • Larvae are usually very resistant to environmental conditions • Feed on gut contents • Symptoms:  • Rectal prolapse  • Diarrhea • Loss of body condition

  31. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Flat worms • Control the vector = control the problem • Tapeworm feed on gut contents • Proglottids (egg containers) - break open and release eggs • Eggs eaten by soil mites and hatch in soil mite • Goat eat mites on grass larvae develops in intestine • Symptoms • Diarrhea • Straining to defecate • Segments in feces

  32. Tapeworm

  33. Tapeworm

  34. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Flat worms • Control the vector (SNAIL) = control the problem • Liver fluke • cause severe damage during migration       - bacteria can invade migration path causing Blacks disease       - Lifecycle - (~4 months) - within the snail • Symptoms -  • Jaundice • Enlarged Painful Abdomen • Bottle Jaw • Anemia • Poor body condition

  35. http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/life_cycles.html

  36. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Nose Bots

  37. Other Enemies: Common Parasites of Sheep & Goats • Lice • Flies

  38. # 2 Our Weaknesses - Poor Management • Overgrazing • Keep their heads up • Poor nutrition • Can’t fight parasite infestation without any energy • We haven’t been culling • Get rid of the goats that harbor worms • Some are genetically more prone to infestations • We haven’t been smart dewormers • Manage correctly to decrease deworming

  39. #3: Our Strengths – Ammunition • Knowledge • Research • Deworming Programs • Chemical Anthelmintics • Novel Anthelmintics

  40. #3: Our Strengths – Ammunition • Knowledge • Egg counts • Spring • 500 / gram = treat • Fall • 200 / gram = treat

  41. McMaster Egg counts • Most common technique used • Relies on the use of a floatation fluid in which eggs float and heavier debris in feces sinks • Common floatation media are various salt solutions including • Saturated common salt (NaCl) • Sodium nitrate • Sugar

  42. McMaster Egg counts Fill each chamber of the counting slide separately going back and refilling the pipette each time.

  43. FAMACHA • Based upon the color of the membranes around/near the eye • If paler than the skin under your thumbnail, consider deworming http://www.scsrpc.org/

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