1 / 56

Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth

Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth. 31. The Geosphere 3.2 The Atmosphere 3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere p.58-83. Key Terms. Geosphere Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Erosion Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Ozone. Radiation Conduction Convention

kaiya
Download Presentation

Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 3:The Dynamic Earth 31. The Geosphere 3.2 The Atmosphere 3.3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere p.58-83

  2. Key Terms • Geosphere • Crust • Mantle • Core • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Tectonic plate • Erosion • Atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Ozone • Radiation • Conduction • Convention • Greenhouse effect • Water cycle • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Salinity • Fresh water • Biosphere • Closed system • Open system

  3. 3.1 The Geosphere • Describe the composition and structure of the Earth • Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates • Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their effects • Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change • Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s surface

  4. The Earth as a System What are the conditions that allow us to survive on a constantly changing planet? The earth is divide into 4 parts • Geosphere (rock) • Atmosphere (air) • Hydrosphere (water) • Biosphere (living things) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG3ql0vLioU

  5. Geosphere • The solid part of the Earth that consists of all rock, soils and sediments on Earth’s Surface • Most is located in interior • http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers1.html

  6. Discovering Earth’s Interior • Very difficult to study – we have only looked at 12km deep • Seismic waves to study Earth’s Interior (waves travel differently in physical layers) Composition of Earth- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos&feature=related • Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s mass • Mantle 64% mass of Earth, 2,900km thick, rock medium density, iron rich layer • Coredensest element radius of 3,400km, hot nickel and iron center of Earth Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=endscreen&NR=1(23mins)

  7. Composition of Earth-3 layers • Crust- think outer layer, light elements, less than 1% of planet’s mass, 5-8km thick beneath the oceans and 20-70km beneath the continents • Mantle- layer under crust, makes up 64% of mass, 2,900km thick, made of rock, medium dense • Core- innermost layer, densest elements, radius of 3,400 km

  8. The Structure of the Earth 5 layers- http://video.about.com/geography/The-Four-Earth-Spheres.htm • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Mesosphere • Outer Core • Inner Core

  9. Lithosphere- stone • 15-300 km thick • Cool rigid • Outermost layer of Earth • Crust and uppermost part of mantle • Divided into huge pieces called plate tectonic • Both continental and oceanic crust

  10. Asthenosphere • 250 km thick • Solid plastic layer of mantle between the mesosphere and the lithospehre • Made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, allows for plates to move on top of it

  11. Mesosphere • 2,550 km thick • Middle sphere • Lower layer of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core

  12. Outer core • 2,200 km thick • Outer shell of Earth’s core • Made of liquid nickel and iron

  13. Inner Core • 1,228 km radius • Spere of solid nickel and iron at the center of the Earth

  14. Thicknesses and density

  15. Plate Tectonics • Glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice on a pond • Continents are located on them and move with them • Pacific, North American, South American, African, Eurasian, and Antarctic plates • Plate boundaries- this movement may cause mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes erupt • Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building- Himalaya Mountains (Asia and India plates collided 50mya) • http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4 (7mins) • NGO- 50mins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBMOjJs&feature=related Bill- 23mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKssFQdZ0k&feature=related

  16. Earthquakes • Fault- break in Earth’s crust preventing it from sliding • When it breaks and creates vibrations in crusts  creates earthquakes • Occur all the time most are too small to feel • Richter scale- quantify the amount of energy reassessed by an earthquake or its magnitude • Smallest magnitude that can be felt is 2.0 • Largest recorded 9.5 • Earthquakes of 7 or greater cause widespread damage

  17. Where do they occur? • Take place at the boundaries due to the stress level • San Andreas Fault along California (N. American plate and Pacific plate are slipping) • We cannot predict when they will occur but rather the likely hood of where they can occur • High risk areas we build bridges and buildings slightly flexible so they can sway when the ground moves • http://earthquakestoday.info/

  18. Japan's Tsunami - How it Happened 2011 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24A8UwpYSs8&feature=related

  19. Volcanoes • Mountains/ islands built from magma, melted rock, that comes from the Earth’s core • Can occur on land or under the sea • Most active areas is around the pacific Ocean plate boundaries • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBPwwt0HuVo

  20. Local Effects of Volcanic Eruptions • Loss of human life • Clouds of hot ash, dust, gases travel down at speed of 200km/hr killing everything in its path • Can mix with water can create a mudslide • Destroy buildings, bury crops, damage engines of vehicles • Breathing difficulties

  21. Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Global impact: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TghGWlVN31c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8mAtY-7n-o • Mt St Helen- change Earth’s climate for several years • Ash and gases travel into the atmosphere reducing sunlight decreasing global temperatures for several years • Top 10- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aYQixhdWY4&feature=fvwrel • Billl Nye • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOc04z8jHaM • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MucQmSIKElU&feature=related (23mins)

  22. Erosion • The removal and transport of surface material • Water Erosion- rivers create deep gorges or oceans waves erode coastlines • Wind Erosion- area where plants are limited (beaches and deserts) sandstone vs granite can erode more quickly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5Rp9MJJGCU Bill- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjVSiuj7Lxk&feature=related

  23. 3.2 Atmosphere • Describe the composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere • Describe the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere • Explain 3 mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere • Explain the greenhouse effect

  24. Atmosphere • Mixture of gases found in first 30km above the Earth’s surface

  25. Composition of the Atmosphere • Nitrogen 78% • Oxygen – 21% • Other -1 % (argon, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) • Tiny solid particles or dust (soil, salt, ash, skin, hair clothing, pollen, bacteria, viruses, aerosols) • Air pressure- due to the gravity, more dense closer to earth, difficult to breath at higher elevations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQ8FWnM0fA

  26. Layers of the Atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere

  27. Troposphere- • layer closes to the Earth’s surface to 18km above • weather occurs in this layer • densest layer • temperature decreases as altitude increases

  28. Stratosphere- • Above the troposphere • Extends from 18km to altitude of 50km • Temperatures rise as altitude increases in the stratosphere, because the ozone absorbs the suns UV energy and warms the air • Ozone- O3- molecule that is made up of 3 oxygen atoms • Reduced the amount of UV that reaches the Earth

  29. Mesosphere • Layer above the stratosphere • Extended to an altitude of 80km • Coldest layer as low as -93’C

  30. Thermosphere • Farthest from the Earth • Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation- temperatures have been measured above 2,000’C • Would not feel hot to us because this layer is so thin that air particles rarely collide – little heat is transferred • Lower level is called ionosphere – it absorbs X and gamma rays, causing the atoms to be electrically charged (ions) • Ions can radiate energy as light- Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights (North and South poles)

  31. Energy in the Atmosphere • Energy is neither created or destroyed  transferred and transformed • Radiation- transfer of energy across a space (fire, sunlight) • Conduction- flow of heat from one object to another • Convection- air currents (hot air rises)

  32. Heating of the Atmosphere • Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, UV light • Only ½ actually reaches the Earth • Most is absorbed or reflected by clouds, gases and dust • Ocean/ lakes and land radiate the energy back into the atmosphere • 50% absorbed by Earth’s Surface • 25% scattered and reflected by clouds and air • 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds and gases • 5% reflected by Earth surface

  33. The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere • Convection Currents- movement of the air in a circular pattern that are caused by the unequal heating of the Atmosphere • Cold air sinks and hot air rises

  34. The Greenhouse Effect • Gases trap heat near the Earth • Like heat being trapped into a car on a hot day, the glass window would be the atmosphere • This allows for the Earth to be warm, if it did not occur Earth would be too cold for life 3 mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk Discovery Channel - Global Warming, What You Need To Know, with Tom Brokaw 80mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA&feature=related

  35. 3.1The Hydrosphere and Biosphere • Name 3 major processes in the water cycle • Describe the properties of ocean water • Describe the 2 types of ocean currents • Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s Temperature • Discuss the factors that confine life to the biosphere • Explain the difference between open and closed systems

  36. Hydrosphere • Makes up all of the water on the Earth’s surface • Most is found in the oceans (3/4 globe) • Atmosphere, land and in soil

  37. Hydrosphere and Water Cycle • Water cycle- Continuous movement into ht air, land back to water • Evaporation- liquid water is heated by sun and goes into the atmosphere • Condensation- water vapor cools and forms water droplets • Precipitation- larger droplets fall from clouds (snow, sleet, or hail) Bill Nye- (3mins)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y Rap- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=fvwrel Magic School Bus- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfLTBJKnEQA

  38. Earth’s Oceans • World Oceans- Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian • 70% of earth surface • Regulates Planet’s environment • High salt concentrations (salinity)( lower where freshwater or rain runs into it, high in areas where evaporation is high) • Temperature zones- surface warmed by sun, deep clod no sunlight (surface zone, thermocline- warm and cold weather)

  39. Global Temperature Regulator • Absorb and store energy from sunlight regulates temperatures in Earth’s Atmosphere • Ocean absorbs and release more slowly than land does • If it did not regulate temps conditions would be too extreme for life today • Can warm land masses near by

  40. Ocean Currents • Surface currents- stream like movements of water that occur at or near the surface, wind driven and a result from global wind patterns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCorkyBe66o • Deep currents- streamlike movements of water that flow very slowly along the ocean floor (Antarctic Bottom Water) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVZujRMGZzs Bill Nye- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_wLatK7sXg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg

  41. Fresh water • 3% of Earth’s water • Most is locked in icecaps and glaciers • Lakes, rivers, streams, ground water, wetlands, and atmosphere • River systems- network of streams that drains an area of land including its tributaries (small that flow into large ones) • Mississippi River system 40%

  42. Ground water • Rain and melting snow run off the land collected into the ground • 1% of all of Earth’s Water • Aquifers- rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water • Recharge zone- where water enters an aquifer

More Related