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CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER 13. THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. AP ENVS, WEEK OF MARCH 24. MON: Complete Chap 13: Urbanization, COLLECT FINAL DRAFT TERM PAPERS, Chap 13 MES *TUES/WED: 76 M/C Practice AP PLEASE GET HERE ON TIME THURS: Chap 23: “Minerals and Mining”

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CHAPTER 13

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  1. CHAPTER 13 THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

  2. AP ENVS, WEEK OF MARCH 24 • MON: Complete Chap 13: Urbanization, COLLECT FINAL DRAFT TERM PAPERS, Chap 13 MES • *TUES/WED: 76 M/C Practice AP • PLEASE GET HERE ON TIME • THURS: Chap 23: “Minerals and Mining” • FRIDAY: CHAPTER 19: “Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation”

  3. OUR SHIFTING HUMAN ENVIRONMENT • 2009: More of us living in urban areas (cities, suburbs) than rural • “URBANIZATION” • Nomadic hunter-gatherer ------- Agricultural settlements -------- Urban centers • CHAPTER: ‘Urban living potentially results in a SMALLER footprint!’

  4. INDUSTRIALIZATION DRIVES URBANIZATION

  5. EVEN MORE PRONOUNCED IN DEVELOPING WORLD

  6. SLUMS: RIO DE JANEIRO

  7. mexico city

  8. manilla

  9. why are major cities located where they are? • NEW YORK: MAJOR PORT • ST LOUIS: MISSISSIPPI RIVER • FORT WORTH: INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS, AIRPORT • CHICAGO: LAKE MICHIGAN, RAILROADS, GRAIN/BEEF • ATLANTA: CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, THEN I-85/I-75

  10. MEGALOPOLIS, MEGACITIES

  11. GROWTH OF SUBURBS AND.....SPRAWL • MID-20th CENTURY • RISE OF THE AUTOMOBILE • IMPROVED ROAD SYSTEM • CHEAP GASOLINE • RACIAL FACTORS?

  12. SPRAWL • CHAPTER: ‘Urban living potentially results in a SMALLER footprint!’ • BUT WITHOUT SPRAWL!

  13. SPRAWL • WE LIVE FAR FROM OUR JOBS, INCREASING USE OF CARS • WE LIVE FAR FROM THE CENTERS OF PRODUCTION/DISTRIBUTION: • manufactured goods • food • INCREASED TRUCKING • WE LIVE IN BIG HOMES....WITH BIG ENERGY NEEDS! • WE USE MORE LAND

  14. MODEL: PORTLAND, OR

  15. CAUSES OF SPRAWL (low-density housing) • SPRAWL = f(population growth x land area per person) • Per capita land consumption rises • Residents AND businesses move away from city center • Possible due to: • roads • cheap gasoline • telecommunications/Internet • affluence

  16. EFFECTS OF SPRAWL • TRANSPORTATION • POLLUTION • HEALTH • LAND USE • ECONOMICS

  17. SPRAWL AND TRANSPORTATION • LIMITED MASS TRANSIT • MANY MORE VEHICLE MILES • INCREASED USE/DEPENDENCE ON PETROLEUM

  18. SPRAWL AND POLLUTION • INCREASED VEHICLE USE: • CO2 • Trop O3 • Acid rain • Runoff

  19. sprawl and health • 2003: People from most sprawling counties weigh 6 lbs more than from less sprawling counties • NEW YORKERS ARE VERY FIT! • THEY WALK EVERYWHERE....AND FAST!

  20. SPRAWL AND LAND USE • LESS LAND AVAILABLE FOR: • RESOURCES • RECREATION • AESTHETIC BEAUTY • HABITAT • OTHER ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

  21. SPRAWL AND ECONOMICS • VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA: • SPRAWLING DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES 81% MORE INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS THAN COMPACT URBAN DEVELOPMENT

  22. CREATING LIVABLE CITIES

  23. CREATING LIVABLE CITIES • URBAN PLANNING • + • ZONING • + • URBAN GROWTH BOUNDARIES • = • “SMART GROWTH”

  24. Caln Township, PA: ZONING: Pre-designated land use

  25. PORTLAND, OR: URBAN GROWTH BOUNDARY: Offer City Utilities Only so Far From City Center

  26. URBAN “GREENBELT” AROUND CHICAGO: “A LONG AND WIDE CORRIDOR OF PARKLANDS ENCIRCLING AN URBAN AREA”

  27. URBAN SUSTAINABILITY

  28. URBAN SUSTAINABILITY • DESIGN “GREEN BUILDINGS” • Built from sustainable materials • Minimize use of energy • Minimize use of water • Minimize health impacts on occupants • Limit pollution • Recycle waste • U.S. CERTIFICATION: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) • “Silver, Gold, Platinum”

  29. LEED CERTIFIED: GEHC! INCREASED CONSTRUCTION COSTS: 10% FOR LEED PLATINUM “leeduser.com”: “2 – 15%” increased cost

  30. GREEN BUILDINGS • MINIMIZE FOOTPRINT AND POLLUTION FOR OCCUPANTS AND NEIGHBORS • MINIMIZE: URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

  31. APPLYING FOR LEED CERTIFICATION

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