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OVERVIEW OF ERGONOMICS

OVERVIEW OF ERGONOMICS. Ergonomics definitions. “Study of work” “User-centred design” “Human factors in design”. 3 key domains: Physical Cognitive Organisational. Ergonomics definitions. Different terminology…! UK – ‘Ergonomics’ USA – ‘Human Factors ’.

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OVERVIEW OF ERGONOMICS

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  1. OVERVIEW OF ERGONOMICS

  2. Ergonomics definitions • “Study of work” • “User-centred design” • “Human factors in design” • 3 key domains: • Physical • Cognitive • Organisational

  3. Ergonomics definitions Different terminology…! UK – ‘Ergonomics’ USA – ‘Human Factors’

  4. Societal and Cultural Environment External Environment – Legislation, Economy, Standards Organisation Structure & Job Design Workplace Environment Workstation Worker The human at work Output Goods/ Services Input Orders/ Planning

  5. Scope of ergonomics Human characteristics considered: • Anatomy • Physiology • Psychology

  6. Ergonomics should be applied for all designs involving humans, e.g.: Furniture Appliances Tools Sports equipment Vehicles Transport Spaces Scope of ergonomics

  7. Scope of ergonomics Describe a piece of equipment you regularly use that has considered ergonomics in its design and use. What are the relevant features that make it ergonomically well designed?

  8. Benefits of ergonomics • Faster • Easier • Safer > Enhanced productivity

  9. Occupational ergonomics(1) The worker

  10. Occupational ergonomics (2) Job / task design Add pics

  11. Occupational ergonomics (3) Work environment

  12. Occupational ergonomics (4) Equipment design

  13. Occupational ergonomics (5) Work organisation

  14. Occupational ergonomics (6)

  15. Systems of work Factors to consider?

  16. Human characteristics & limitations • Physical • Cognitive What impacts on these characteristics and results in differences between people?

  17. Human error (1) “An inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behaviour… that reduces or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety or safety performance..” Error indicates a poor design. Good ergonomics reduces errors.

  18. Human error (2)

  19. Human error (3) • Active failure – immediate consequence • Latent failure – systems failure Examples from your work??

  20. Human error (4) Causes: • Organisational factors • Individual factors

  21. Human error (5) Reduce problems with errors by: • Improving the training • Improving workplace design, and detecting errors early (eg feedback to allow remedial actions) 3. Reducing impact of the error

  22. Teamwork (1) Work team – Collection of individuals who work together to achieve a goal or complete a set of tasks • Self-managed • Integrated

  23. Teamwork (2) Benefits? • Increase problem solving • Improved employee performance • Multiple perspectives • Increased output • Frees up managers

  24. Teamwork (3) Limitations / drawbacks? • Unequal effort • Different levels of skill/ fitness • Slow achieving agreements – time wasting • Conflict • Competition

  25. Ageing workforce (1) Age profile of Australian population, Australian Public Service Commission, 2003

  26. Ageing workforce (2) True or false?? • Older workers have more accidents. • Vision & hearing acuity decrease with age. • Older workers recuperate faster following injury / illness. • Older workers may be more at risk of sprains and strains.

  27. The Ergonomist’s role Assist industry to design work systems, equipment and the human-machine interface… …to promote productivity, efficiency and worker comfort and satisfaction. Incorrect The correct and incorrect fitting of earplugs

  28. Summary • Overview of Ergonomics • Definition • Scope • Application • Human capacities • Human error • Teamwork • Ageing • Role of the Ergonomist

  29. BIOLOGICAL ERGONOMICS

  30. Body Systems & Functions Framework Moving parts Energy conversion Movement control Feedback systems Decision making • Skeleton • Joints • Metabolism & physiology • Nervous system • Senses – vision, hearing, touch etc • Brain

  31. The musculoskeletal system (1)

  32. The musculoskeletal system (2) Muscles and tendons… Mosby’s Medical Encyclopaedia

  33. The musculoskeletal system (3) Ligaments…an example Mosby’s Medical Encyclopaedia

  34. The musculoskeletal system (4) Muscle work… Mosby’s Medical Encyclopaedia

  35. Posture & movement (1) Mosby’s Medical Encyclopaedia

  36. Posture & movement (2) Mosby’s Medical Encyclopaedia Stevenson

  37. Posture & movement (3)

  38. Posture & movement (4) Stevenson

  39. Posture & movement (5) Static V dynamic muscle work… Stevenson Where will these workers be feeling fatigue?

  40. Posture & movement (6) Static V dynamic muscle work… Where will these workers be feeling fatigue? Stevenson

  41. Biomechanics (1) The interaction of human movement and posture…. ….. levers and forces

  42. Biomechanics (2) 1st order lever McPhee

  43. Biomechanics(3) 2nd order lever McPhee

  44. Biomechanics (4) 3rd order lever McPhee

  45. Biomechanics & the Musculoskeletal system Key issues for work design? • Postures – eg arm, wrist, back? • Muscle action – static V dynamic? • Levers?

  46. Anthropometry (1) Dimensions of the human body… applied to designs Includes: height, circumference, weight, range of movements Static & dynamic measurements

  47. Anthropometry (2) McPhee

  48. Anthropometry (3) McPhee

  49. Anthropometry (4) BP

  50. Anthropometry (5) McPhee

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