Sample test questions

1. CS 785, Fall 2001 Sample test questions Gheorghe Tecuci tecuci@cs.gmu.eduhttp://lalab.gmu.edu/ Learning Agents LaboratoryDepartment of Computer Science George Mason University

2. Sample questions Define the problem reduction approach to problem solving. What is an instance? What is a concept? What is a positive example of a concept? What is a negative example of a concept? Give an intuitive definition of generalization. What does it mean for concept A to be more general than concept B? Indicate a simple way to prove that a concept is not more general than another concept. Given two concepts C1 and C2, from a generalization point of view, what are all the different possible relations between them? What are the basic elements in the definition of a property or a relation? Briefly define a plausible version space rule.

3. Sample questions • What is a generalization rule? • What is a specialization rule? • What is a reformulation rule? • Name all the generalization rules you know. • Briefly describe and illustrate with an example the “turning constants into variables” generalization rule. • Define and illustrate the dropping conditions generalization rule. • Define the following: • a generalization of two concepts • a minimally general generalization of two concepts • the least general generalization of two concepts • the maximally general specialization of two concepts. • Define the transitivity of ISA. • Define the inheritance of features (including default inheritance and multiple inheritance).

4. Sample questions Briefly explain the process of reasoning with a plausible version space rule. Define the rule learning problem in Disciple. Briefly describe the rule learning method of Disciple. What is an explanation of an example? Briefly describe analogical reasoning (in general). Briefly describe analogical reasoning in Disciple. Define the rule refinement problem in Disciple. Briefly describe the rule refinement method of Disciple. What is a negative exception? What is a positive exception? Draw a picture representing a plausible version space, as well as a positive example, a negative example, a positive exception and a negative exception. Then briefly define each of these elements. Describe briefly the general architecture of the Disciple shell and the methodology for building a Disciple agent.

5. Exercise • Consider the cells consisting of two bodies, each body having two attributes: • color (that may be yellow or green) and • number of nuclei (1 or 2). The relative position of the bodies is not relevant because they can move inside the cell. a) Indicate ALL the possible generalizations of the following cell, and the generalization relations between them. + ((1 green) (2 yellow)) b) Determine the number of the distinct sets of instances and the number of concept descriptions for this problem.

6. c) Given the following cell descriptions ((1 green) (1 green)) ((1 yellow) (2 green)) ((1 green) (2 green)) Determine the following minimal generalizations: g(E1, E2), g(E2, E3), g(E3, E1), g(E1, E2, E3)

7. Exercise The following exercises use the background knowledge consisting of this object hierarchy (semantic network) and the feature definitions from the next slide.

8. Feature Definitions

9. Exercise Consider the question: “Is there a part of a loudspeaker that is made of metal?” a) Which are all the answers to this question? b) Which are the reasoning operations that need to be performed in order to answer this question. c) Consider one of the answers that requires all these operations and show how the answer is found.

10. Exercise Consider the following expressions: E1: ?X IS MEMBRANE E2: ?X IS MECHANICAL-CHASSIS MADE-OF ?M MADE-OF ?M ?M IS PAPER ?M IS METAL ?Z IS CONTACT-ADHESIVE ?Z IS MOWICOLL GLUES ?M GLUES ?M STATE fluid a) Find the minimally general generalizations of E1 and E2. b) Find two generalizations of E1 and E2 that are not minimally general generalizations. c) Consider one of the generalizations found at b) and demonstrate why it is a generalization of E1 and E2 but it is not a minimally general generalization. d) What would be a least general generalization of E1 and E2? Does it exist? e) Indicate a specialization of E1.

11. Exercise Consider the following example and its explanation: IF the task to accomplish is ATTACH OBJECT MEMBRANE1 TO CHASSIS-ASSEMBLY1 THEN accomplish the tasks APPLY OBJECT CONTACT-ADHESIVE1 ON CHASSIS-ASSEMBLY1 PRESS OBJECT MEMBRANE1 ON CHASSIS-ASSEMBLY1 Because CONTACT-ADHESIVE1 IS fluid CONTACT-ADHESIVE1 GLUES PAPER and MEMBRANE1 MADE-OF PAPER CONTACT-ADHESIVE1 GLUES METAL and CHASSIS-ASSEMBLY1 MADE-OF METAL Construct the plausible version space rule learned from them.

12. Exercise Compose an example analogous with the following one:

13. Exercise Rule IF the task to accomplish is ATTACH OBJECT ?X TO ?Y Plausible Upper Bound IF ?X IS SOMETHING MADE-OF ?M ?Y IS SOMETHING MADE-OF ?N ?Z IS ADHESIVE GLUES ?M GLUES ?N ?M IS MATERIAL ?N IS MATERIAL Plausible Lower Bound IF ?X IS MEMBRANE1 MADE-OF ?M ?Y IS CHASSIS-ASSEMBLY1 MADE-OF ?N ?Z IS CONTACT-ADHESIVE1 GLUES ?M GLUES ?N ?M IS PAPER ?N IS METAL THEN accomplish the tasks APPLY OBJECT ?Z ON ?X PRESS OBJECT ?X ON ?Y Find a minimal generalization of the rule that covers the positive example. Positive Example IF the task to accomplish is ATTACH OBJECT BOLT1 TO MECHANICAL-CHASSIS1 THEN accomplish the tasks APPLY OBJECT MOWICOLL1 ON MECHANICAL-CHASSIS1 PRESS OBJECT BOLT1 ON MECHANICAL-CHASSIS1

14. Exercise Rule IF the task to accomplish is ATTACH OBJECT ?X TO ?Y Plausible Upper Bound IF ?X IS SOMETHING MADE-OF ?M ?Y IS SOMETHING MADE-OF ?N ?Z IS ADHESIVE GLUES ?M GLUES ?N ?M IS MATERIAL ?N IS MATERIAL Plausible Lower Bound IF ?X IS MEMBRANE1 MADE-OF ?M ?Y IS LOUDSPEAKER-COMPONENT MADE-OF ?N ?Z IS LOUDSPEAKER-COMPONENT GLUES ?M GLUES ?N ?M IS MATERIAL ?N IS METAL THEN accomplish the tasks APPLY OBJECT ?Z ON ?X PRESS OBJECT ?X ON ?Y with the positive examples (?X IS MEMBRANE1, ?Y IS CHASSIS-ASSEMBLY1, ?Z IS CONTACT-ADHESIVE1, ?M IS PAPER, ?N IS METAL) (?X IS BOLT1, ?Y IS MECHANICAL-CHASSIS1, ?Z IS MOWICOLL1, ?M IS METAL, ?N IS METAL) • Find a minimal specialization of the rule that does not cover the positive example: • By using an additional explanation of the positive examples; • By empirically specializing the rule. Negative Example IF the task to accomplish is ATTACH OBJECT SCREENING-CAP1 TO LOUDSPEAKER1 THEN accomplish the tasks APPLY OBJECT SCOTCH-TAPE1 ON SCREENING-CAP1 PRESS OBJECT SCREENING-CAP1 ON LOUDSPEAKER1

15. Exercise Explain how the following questions are answered, and provide the corresponding answer(s): What is the color of membrane? What does contact-adhesive1 glue? Is there a loudspeaker component made of metal?

16. Exercises The following exercises, marked S1 to S7, are based on the following semantic network from the loudspeaker manufacturing domain: Remark: Consider that each most specific concept, such as DUST or AIR-PRESS, has an instance, such as DUST1 or AIR-PRESS1.

17. Exercise S1. Consider the following two expressions: E1: ?X IS SOFT-CLEANER REMOVES ?Z ?Y IS MEMBRANE MADE-OF ?T ?Z IS WASTE-MATERIAL E2: ?X IS AIR-SUCKER REMOVES ?Z NOT-DAMAGES PAPER ?Y IS MEMBRANE MADE-OF PAPER ?Z IS DUST Use the generalization rules to show that E1 is more general than E2.

18. Exercise S2. Determine the generalization of the following two expressions: E1: ?x IS entrefer MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS dust ?z IS air-sucker REMOVES ?y E2: ?x IS membrane MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS surplus-adhesive ?z IS alcohol TYPE fluid REMOVES ?y

19. Exercise S3. Consider the following description: ?z IS cleaner REMOVES surplus-paint Determine all the possible values of ?z.

20. Exercise S4. Consider the following action description: CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y WITH ?z Condition ?x IS entrefer MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS something ?z IS cleaner REMOVES ?y Find all the possible values for the variables ?x, ?y and ?z. Indicate some of the corresponding actions.

21. S5. Consider the following rule: IF the task to perform is CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y Condition ?x IS something MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS something ?z IS cleaner REMOVES ?y THEN perform the task CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y WITH ?z Describe how this rule is applied to solve the problem: CLEAN OBJECT entrefer1 OF dust1 Which will be the result? Remark: Consider that each most specific concept o from the object ontology has an instance o1.

22. Exercise S6. Consider the following rule: IF the task to perform is CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y Condition ?x IS something MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS something ?z IS cleaner REMOVES ?y THEN perform the task CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y WITH ?z Describe how this rule is applied to solve the problem: CLEAN OBJECT membrane1 OF surplus-adhesive1 Which will be the result? Remark: Consider that each most specific concept o from the object ontology has an instance o1.

23. Exercise IF the task to perform is CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y G: plausible upper bound ?x IS something MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS something ?z IS something REMOVES ?y S: plausible lower bound ?x IS entrefer MAY-HAVE ?y ?y IS dust ?z IS air-sucker REMOVES ?y THEN perform the task CLEAN OBJECT ?x OF ?y WITH ?z S7. Consider the following partially learned rule: Describe how Disciple generalizes this rule so as to cover the following positive example: IF the task to perform is CLEAN OBJECT membrane1 OF surplus-adhesive1 THEN perform the task CLEAN OBJECT membrane OF surplus-adhesive1 WITH alcohol1

24. Exercise Develop an object ontology that represents the following information: Puss is a calico. Herb is a tuna. Charlie is a tuna. All tunas are fishes. All calicos are cats. Cats like to eat fishes. You should define object concepts, object features and instances.

25. Exercise Develop an object ontology that represents the following information: The color of Apple1 is red. The color of Apple2 is green. Apple1 is an apple. Apple2 is an apple. Apples are fruits. You should define object concepts, object features and instances.

26. Exercise Develop an object ontology that represents the following information: Basketball players are tall. Muresan is a basketball player. Muresan is tall. You should define object concepts, object features and instances.

27. Exercise Insert the additional knowledge that platypus lays eggs into the following object ontology: birth-mode mammal live subclass-of subclass-of platypus cow Explain the result.

28. Exercise Develop an object ontology that represents the following information: "Blue task force 1 penetrates Red mechanized brigade 1 with a force ratio of 10.6. The recommended force ratio for a penetration is 3. A penetration is a complex military task, a military maneuver and a military attack. Use of a penetration indicates that the mission is offensive“ You should draw the ontology and should also define the features used in it (in terms of their domains and ranges).

29. Exercise Develop an object ontology that represents the following information: "BLUE-TASK-FORCE1 is a blue armored and mechanized infantry battalion assigned to be main effort1. It performs two tasks, penetrate1 and clear1. It has a regular strength and has the following units under its operational control: BLUE-MECH-COMPANY1, BLUE-MECH-COMPANY2, BLUE-ARMOR-COMPANY1, BLUE-ARMOR-COMPANY2” You should draw the ontology and should also define the features used in it (in terms of their domains and ranges).

30. Exercise Consider the background knowledge represented by the following generalization hierarchies: Consider also the following concept: E: ?u IS object COLOR yellow SHAPE circle RADIUS 5 Indicate five different generalization rules. For each such rule determine an expression Eg which is more general than E according to that rule.

31. Exercise Formalize the following tasks: I need to Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for Okinawa_1945 which is a major theater of war scenario Which is an opposing force in the Okinawa_1945 scenario? US_1945 Therefore I need to Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for US_1945 Is US_1945 a single-member force or a multi-member force? US_1945 is a single-member force Therefore I need to Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for US_1945 which is a single-member force

32. Exercise Consider the following problem solving episode and its explanation, in the context of the background knowledge the following four slides: • Find the analogy-based generalization of the explanations and the example. • Find the plausible version space rule that will be learned from this example. War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943 is_a_major_generator_of Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 US_1943 has_as_industrial_factor explains IF the task to accomplish is Identify the strategic COG candidates with respect to the industrial civilization of a force The force is US_1943 THEN A strategic COG relevant factor is strategic COG candidate for a force The force is US_1943 The strategic COG relevant factor is Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943

33. Feature definitions has_as_industrial_factor D: Force R: Industrial_factor is_a_major_generator_of D: Economic_factor R: Product The force is D: task R: Force The strategic COG relevant factor is D: task R: Force

34. Economic factors Economic_factor Commerce_ authority Other_ economic_ factor Raw_material Information_ Network_or_system Transportation_ Factor Industrial_ factor Strategic_ Raw_ Material Industrial_ authority Industrial_ Capacity Transportation_ Center Transportation_ Network_or_system Industrial_ Center is_critical_to_the_production_of Oil_chromium_copper_and_bauxite_of_Germany_1943 industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 War_materiel_of_Germany_1943 has_as_strategic_raw_material is_a_major_generator_of has_as_industrial_factor is_obtained_from Farm_implement_industry war_materiel_and_ transports_of_US_1943_ Germany_1943 Balkans US_1943 Farm_implement_industry_of_Italy_1943

35. Generalization hierarchy of forces <object> Force Group Opposing_force Multi_state_force Single_state_force Multi_group_force Single_group_force component_state US_1943 Anglo_allies_1943 component_state Britain_1943 component_state Germany_1943 European_axis_1943 component_state Italy_1943

36. Fragment of the generalization hierarchy <object> Resource_or_ infrastructure_element Resource Product Strategically_essential_resource_or_infrastructure_element Raw_material Non-strategically_essential goods_or_services Strategic_raw_material Strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel Farm-implements Strategically_essential_ infrastructure_element War_materiel_and_transports War_materiel_and_fuel Farm-implements of_Italy_1943 Main_airport Main_seaport Sole_airport Sole_seaport War_materiel_and_fuel_of_Germany_1943 War_materiel_and_ transports_of_US_1943

37. Exercise Minimally generalize the rule to cover the following positive example (considering the background knowledge from the previous four slides): IF Identify the strategic COG candidates with respect to the industrial civilization of a force The force is ?O1 explanation ?O1 has_as_industrial_factor ?O2 ?O2 is_a_major_generator_of ?O3 Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Forcehas_as_industrial_factor ?O2 ?O2 IS Industrial_factor is_a_major_generator_of ?O3 ?O3 IS Product Positive example that satisfies the upper bound IF the task to accomplish is Identify the strategic COG candidates with respect to the industrial civilization of a force The force is Germany_1943 THEN accomplish the task Plausible Lower Bound Condition ?O1 IS US_1943has_as_industrial_factor ?O2 ?O2 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 is_a_major_generator_of ?O3 ?O3 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943 A strategic COG relevant factor is strategic COG candidate for a force The force is Germany_1943 The strategic COG relevant factor is Industrial_capacity_of_Germany_1943 explanation Germany_1943 has_as_industrial_factor Industrial_capacity_of_Germany_1943 Industrial_capacity_of_Germany_1943 is_a_major_generator_of War_materiel_and_fuel_of_Germany_1943 THEN A strategic COG relevant factor is strategic COG candidate for a force The force is ?O1 The strategic COG relevant factor is ?O2

38. Exercise IF Identify the strategic COG candidates with respect to the industrial civilization of a force The force is ?O1 Minimally specialize the rule to no longer cover the following negative example (considering the background knowledge from the previous slides): explanation ?O1 has_as_industrial_factor ?O2 ?O2 is_a_major_generator_of ?O3 Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Forcehas_as_industrial_factor ?O2 ?O2 IS Industrial_factor is_a_major_generator_of ?O3 ?O3 IS Product Negative example that satisfies the upper bound IF the task to accomplish is Identify the strategic COG candidates with respect to the industrial civilization of a force The force is Italy_1943 THEN accomplish the task Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Single_state_forcehas_as_industrial_factor ?O2 ?O2 IS Industrial_capacity is_a_major_generator_of ?O3 ?O3 IS Strategically_essential_goods_or_materials A strategic COG relevant factor is strategic COG candidate for a force The force is Italy_1943 The strategic COG relevant factor isFarm_implement_industry_of_Italy_1943 explanation Italy_1943 has_as_industrial_factor Farm_implement_industry_of_Italy_1943 Farm_implement_industry_of_Italy_1943 is_a_major_generator_of Farm_implements_of_Italy_1943 THEN A strategic COG relevant factor is strategic COG candidate for a force The force is ?O1 The strategic COG relevant factor is ?O2

39. Repertory grid exercises Define a repertory grid for choosing a course to enroll in. Define a repertory grid for choosing a car. Define a repertory grid for choosing a dissertation director.

40. Exercise Consider the following two concepts: Indicate different generalization of them.

41. Exercise Consider the following two concepts and ontology. Indicate four specializations of G1 and G2 (including a maximally general specialization).

42. Exercise Develop an object ontology that represents the following information: Birds have feathers, fly and lay eggs. Albatros is a bird. Donald is a bird. Tracy is an albatros. You should define object concepts, object features and instances.

43. END

44. Cooperative problem solving and learning Problem solving with PVS rules Integrated problem solving and learning Demonstration

45. Generalization by analogy INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION-MILTARY-TASK INSTANCE-OF TASK RED-CSOP1 SCREEN1 SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG RED--SIDE explain IF the task to accomplish is: Assess security wrt countering enemy reconnaissance for-coa COA411 THEN accomplish the task: Assess security when enemy recon is present for-coa COA411 for-unit RED-CSOP1 for-recon-action SCREEN1 Knowledge-base constraints on the generalization: Any value of ?O1 should be an instance of: RANGE(FOR-COA)= COA-SPECIFICATION-MICROTHEORY Any value of ?O2 should be an instance of: DOMAIN(TASK)  DOMAIN(SOVEREIGN-ALLENGINCE-OF_ORG)  RANGE(FOR-UNIT) = MODERN-MILITARY-UNIT--DEPLOYABLE Any value of ?O3 should be an instance of: RANGE(TASK)  INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION-MILITARY-TASK = INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION-MILITARY-TASK Any value of ?O4 should be an instance of: RANGE(SOVEREIGN-ALLENGINCE-OF_ORG)= ALLEGIANCE-OF-UNIT generalization

46. A positive example covered by the upper bound Rule: R2 Positive example that satisfies the upper bound IF the task to accomplish is: Assess-security-wrt-countering-enemy-reconnaissance for-coa ?O1 IF the task to accomplish is: Assess-security-wrt-countering-enemy-reconnaissance for-coa COA421 Question:Is an enemy reconnaissance unit present? THEN accomplish the task: Assess-security-when-enemy-recon-is-present for-coa COA421 for-unit RED-CSOP2 for-recon-action SCREEN2 Answer: Yes, the enemy unit ?O2 is performing the action ?O3 which is a reconnaissance action. Explanation: ?O2 SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 IS RED--SIDE ?O2 TASK ?O3 IS INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION--MIL-TASK Plausible Upper Bound ?O1 IS COA-SPECIFICATION-MICROTHEORY ?O2 IS MODERN-MILITARY-UNIT--DEPLOYABLE SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 TASK ?O3 ?O3 IS INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION--MILITARY-TASK ?O4 IS ALLEGIANCE-OF-UNIT Condition satisfied by positive example ?O1 IS COA421 ?O2 IS MECHANIZED-INFANTRY-UNIT--MIL-SPECIALTY SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 TASK ?O3 ?O3 IS SCREEN2 ?O4 IS RED--SIDE less general than Main Condition Plausible Lower Bound ?O1 IS COA411 ?O2 IS MECHANIZED-INFANTRY-UNIT--MIL-SPECIALTY SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 TASK ?O3 ?O3 IS SCREEN1 ?O4 IS RED--SIDE THEN accomplish the task: Assess-security-when-enemy-recon-is-present for-coa ?O1 for-unit ?O2 for-recon-action ?O3

47. A negative example covered by the upper bound Rule: R$ASWCER-001 Negative example that satisfies the upper bound IF the task to accomplish is: Assess-security-wrt-countering-enemy-reconnaissance for-coa ?O1 IF the task to accomplish is: Assess-security-wrt-countering-enemy-reconnaissance for-coa COA51 Question: Is an enemy reconnaissance unit present? THEN accomplish the task: Assess-security-when-enemy-recon-is-present for-coa COA51 for-unit BLUE-BATTALION1 for-recon-action SCREEN-RIGHT Answer: Yes, the enemy unit ?O2 is performing the action ?O3 which is a reconnaissance action. • Explanation: • ?O2 SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 IS RED--SIDE • ?O2 TASK ?O3 IS INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION--MIL-TASK Plausible Upper Bound ?O1 IS COA-SPECIFICATION-MICROTHEORY ?O2 IS MODERN-MILITARY-UNIT--DEPLOYABLE SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 TASK ?O3 ?O3 IS INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION--MILITARY-TASK ?O4 IS ALLEGIANCE-OF-UNIT Condition satisfied by positive example ?O1 IS COA51 ?O2 IS BLUE-BATTALION1 SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 TASK ?O3 ?O3 IS SCREEN-RIGHT ?O4 IS BLUE-SIDE less general than Main Condition Plausible Lower Bound ?O1 IS COA-SPECIFICATION-MICROTHEORY ?O2 IS MECHANIZED-INFANTRY-UNIT--MIL-SPECIALTY SOVEREIGN-ALLEGIANCE-OF-ORG ?O4 TASK ?O3 ?O3 IS SCREEN—MILITARY-TASK ?O4 IS RED--SIDE THEN accomplish the task: Assess-security-when-enemy-recon-is-present for-coa ?O1 for-unit ?O2 for-recon-action ?O3

48. ALLEGIANCE-OF-UNIT SUBCLASS-OF specialization BLUE-SIDE RED-SIDE _ INTELLIGENCE-COLLECTION-MILTARY-TASK COA-SPECIFICATION-MICROTHEORY SUBCLASS-OF INSTANCE-OF INSTANCE-OF SCREEN-MILITARY-TASK INSTANCE-OF INSTANCE-OF COA411 COA421 SCREEN1 SCREEN2