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Modernization & Turkey

Modernization & Turkey. Population-70,413,958 Growth rate-1.1% Infant Mortality rate-39.7/1000 Literacy rate-87%* For Females-78.7% For Males- 94.3%. Ethnicity/Race- 80% Turkish, 20% Kurdish Religion- 99.8% Muslim ( mostly Sunni), Christians and Jews make up remainder of population.

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Modernization & Turkey

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  1. Modernization & Turkey

  2. Population-70,413,958 Growth rate-1.1% Infant Mortality rate-39.7/1000 Literacy rate-87%* For Females-78.7% For Males- 94.3% Ethnicity/Race- 80% Turkish, 20% Kurdish Religion- 99.8% Muslim ( mostly Sunni), Christians and Jews make up remainder of population Statistics-2006

  3. Statistics • 2004 GDP growth reached 9%, then leveled off at 5% per year

  4. Geography • Strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas • Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country

  5. The Old Man of Europe • 1890’s- Liberals establish the Young Turks • 1907- Committee for Union and Progress, or the Young Turks, unite under General Mustafa Kemal • 1908- Young Turks overthrow the sultan • 1914- Ottoman Empire in WWI • 1919- Collapse of Ottoman Empire

  6. Ethnic/Religious Tensions • Nationalist revolts within the Ottoman Empire led to the independence of Greece, Bulgaria, and Egypt • Christian Armenians seeking independence become targets of Turkish nationalists

  7. Armenian Genocide • 1914 and 1918 more than 1.2 million Armenians were killed in Turkey. • The Armenians were an ethnic and religious minority • They were accused of helping the Russians during WWI • This was the first genocide of the 20th Century

  8. Armenian Genocide • Served as encouragement to the Nazis • In a speech Hitler gave before invading Poland, he asked his men: "Who still talks nowadays of the annihilation of the Armenians?"

  9. The Young Turks • Overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid in 1908 • Led by Mehmet Talaat, Ismail Enver, and Ahmed Jemal • Attempted to establish an all Turkish, all Muslim state • Declared Armenians an enemy of the state plundered villages, killed intellectuals, seized their land

  10. Armenian Genocide • Forced entire villages on long marches in blazing heat to “relocate” them • Those who could not keep up were shot • Those who made it were beaten, raped, starved, shot….

  11. WWI • WWI led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire • Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 by Mustafa KEMAL Ataturk • Atatürk’s reform program, which became known as Kemalism, aimed at establishing a secular, Europe-oriented state (Modernization, Industrialization, Westernization)

  12. Ataturk • Had led the military wing of the Young Turks, but was now trying to separate himself from what had happened. • Mustafa Kemal took the name Ataturk, meaning father of the Turks • He brought stability to the nation

  13. Attempts at Modernization • Civil law system derived from various European continental legal systems • Polygamy was banned

  14. Changes in Turkey • Replaced Ottoman Turkish script with the Latin Alphabet • Closed religious schools and replaced them with state run government schools • Replaced the Muslim calendar with the Gregorian (Christian) calendar • Moved the traditional Muslim Sabbath day from Friday to Sunday

  15. Changes in Turkey, continued… • Women no longer had to veil their faces, were allowed to vote, and could attend college and work as doctors, lawyers, scientists, etc.. • He built railroads and factories, and invited Western engineers to Turkey to help industrialize the country • He established a secular country- strictly separating religion and state

  16. 1945-2001 • Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO • Under the Truman Doctrine , Turkey received aid from the US • In 1949, Turkey became the first predominantly Muslim nation to recognize the State of Israel • Ally of the US during Cold War, protecting vital western interests in the Middle East

  17. 1945-2001 • Fought alongside US troops in the Korean War • Was one of the first countries to pledge support to US following 9/11

  18. At a Crossroads • Military coups (1960, 1971, 1980) • In 2003, US Turkish relations hit a snag when Turkey refused to let the US use its airbases to invade Iraq • By 2004, Turkey and the US had made amends (Turkey provided peacekeeping forces in Iraq, and the US reinstated its economic aid to Turkey, as well as its endorsement of Turkey to become a member of the EU)

  19. Modern Turkey • Republican parliamentary democracy • Attempting to join European Union • Fighting terrorism both inside the country and out • Extreme Secularism, or Kemalism, may be fostering growth of fundamentalism

  20. Modern Turkey • Rising Turkish nationalism • Increasing Islamic fundamentalism • Turkey may be on a collision course between the secular politicians, backed up by the military, and Islamic reformers who feel that the current government is too friendly with the West

  21. In July of 2005 the Turkish Supreme Court upheld a six-month prison sentence against Hrant Dink, editor of the newspaper Agos (Furrow), under article 301 for “insulting Turkishness” in an editorial concerning the 1915 massacres of Armenians in Anatolia. The sentence was suspended. The journalist, however, was assassinated by Turkish nationalists

  22. Turkey continues to prosecute and convict individuals who peacefully exercise their right to free expression. In 2006 alone, more than 50 individuals were indicted for statements or speeches that questioned state policy on controversial topics such as religion, ethnicity, and the role of the army.~ Human Rights Watch 2007

  23. Women who wear the headscarf for religious reasons are still denied access to higher education, the civil service, and political life.~Human Rights Watch 2007

  24. Recent Headlines • Three killed in Turkey Bible attack • Thousands mourn Turkish journalist • Turkey works to stop 'honor' killings

  25. The harder the government of Turkey tries to repress the religious expression for fear of catering to the fundamentalists, the harder the fundamentalists will fight back arguing that this is the very reason that the Islamic world should unite against the government of Turkey. It is only adding fuel to the fire.

  26. Review Questions • Why were Armenians targeted for genocide by the Turks? • Define secular. • Define Islamic fundamentalism. • Compare Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to each of the following: • Peter the Great • Napoleon Bonaparte • Why would Islamic fundamentalists be angry over the changes instituted by Kemal Ataturk?

  27. …continued • Has Turkey gone too far with the idea of separation of religion and state? Explain. • What you believe Turkey has to do to correct the problem of honor killings?

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