HAPPY NEW YEAR AND WELCOME BACK!!!!

1. HAPPY NEW YEAR AND WELCOME BACK!!!! • Pick up a warm-up on the stand in the front • Color it, AND WRITE A NEW YEARS RESOLUTION ON HIS SCARF!! • DON’T HAVE ONE? MAKE ONE!

2. First order on business… • The following students got an “A” on the Civil War and Reconstruction Test • Andie, Regan, Prince, Caitlin, B, Rogelio, Kyle, Hannah, Amanda, Ritvik, Savannah, Christina, Brooke, Emily, Luella, Melissa • I will show you what you got on the test today, and will pass back stamp sheets with test grades AND PROJECT GRADES on it, and remediation next class.

3. Industrialization Life After Reconstruction

4. North and South • North was thriving after the war • Land was not destroyed • Industry was booming- making stuff for the war • South was devastated • Land was demolished • The need for cotton from the south decreased because of rival markets • Loss of men

5. Violence • Violent groups rose to take out the frustration of many southerners (KKK) • Tactics include: burning property, beatings/whippings, murder by lynching

6. Jim Crow Laws • The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the South • 5 military districts were broken up and union presence in the south ended • Former Confederate leaders regained power • Southern states passed radical segregation laws that separated white and black people in public and private facilities • Became known as Jim Crow Laws after a popular song

8. Plessy v. Ferguson • 1896, Supreme Court made segregation legal nationwide • Established the doctrine of “separate but equal” • Lasted almost 60 years

9. Women’s Rights • Women’s Rights movement started before the Civil War • Seneca Falls Convention- 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott composed a detailed statement of grievances • Worked closely with the Abolitionist movement • After the war, Women looked to better their conditions • Focused on woman suffrage (right to vote) • Susan B. Anthony was a major leader

10. Silver v. Gold • Back in 1800s any paper money printed (greenbacks) had to be supported by gold • Ex: if $500 million worth of paper $ printed, there had to be $500 million in gold in bank/treasury • Now think in reverse (only print amount you have in gold) • What is it called when you print too much money? • What would you get if you substitute silver for gold? • If you print too much money is the dollar worth more or less?

11. Panic of 1873 & Depression • Caused by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products (more than we need) • Bankers made too many risky loans to finance growth • Many loans went unpaid and the banking system collapsed • 15,000 businesses went under

12. Money Issues • During the Civil War, the federal government started to issue greenbacks- paper money that wasn’t backed by equal value in gold • After war many wanted to return to a currency backed by gold (Hard money), reducing the number of dollars in circulation • Southern and Western farmers and manufacturers wanted more greenbacks-INFLATION- rise in the general level of prices(soft money) • too many dollars chasing too few goods • would help pay off debts

13. Specie Resumption Act 1875 • Promised to put the country back on the gold standard • withdrew greenbacks and redeemed them for gold (not silver) at face value in 1879 • Resulted in DEFLATION-decrease in the general level of price-decrease in money supply • Creates real value of money • Worsens the depression for a while but it boosts the nations credit rating with other nations

14. Transcontinental Railroad • Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad led to increased westward movement of settlers from the Mississippi to the Pacific • Built with borrowed money

15. Daily Quiz #1 1. What were the discriminatory laws against blacks in the south called? 2. What court case made segregation legal nationwide? 3. What “doctrine” did the court case create? 4. What is paper money not backed by gold called? 5. The Transcontinental Railroad ran from the Mississippi River west to the _______.

16. Happy Monday!!!! • Take out your homework so I can come around and check it! • We will be discussing the laws • Did you know: a fish never closes it’s eyes

17. Happy Friday!!! • Turn in your vocab to the box on my desk • We will do a test review quiz then jump into notes for today!

18. Industrialization Westward Movement

19. Setting: The Great Plains • Grassland extending through west-central portion of the US • In 1860s, the Great Plains was mostly inhabited by a variety of native tribes • CONFLICTS!

20. Cattle becomes big business • Railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that demand for beef increased in eastern cities • COWBOY- herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round-up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West

21. Cowboys and Cattle Drives • Long Drives- transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between railroad centers on the Great Plains • Texas cattlemen made the trip up the Chisholm Trail where they could ship their cattle from the first stockyards in Abilene, Kansas

22. American Cowboys • Cowboys, many of whom were former Confederate soldiers, African Americans and Mexicans, received about a dollar a day for their dangerous work • The cowboy’s relative isolation and work environment contributed to the development of a distinct cowboy culture, based on the frontier values of the American West: • self-reliance and individualism with a healthy dose of the blues. Cowboy poetry and songs soothed the cattle on long drives, as well as provided entertainment for lonely cowboys on the road

23. Home on the Range

24. Stop and Think!! • How did the ordinary cowboy’s life compare to the popular conception of it?

25. Settlers Move West • Railroads become important to opening western lands for settlers and transporting crops east • Transcontinental Railroad (1869)- linked eastern and western markets and lead to increased settlement from Mississippi River west to Pacific Ocean

26. Homestead Act 1862 • Offered 160 acres of land in the West (FOR FREE) to anyone who would settle and farm the land for 5 years • 600,000 families took advantage of this offer • Many were southerners-both white and African-Americans • Impact?

27. Boomer Sooners • Oklahoma Land Rush- (1889)- land hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush- people who left too early= Sooners

28. Challenges of the Plains • Severe hardship of droughts, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and native conflict all had to be faced by homesteaders • Early homesteaders built their homes out of sod bricks or dug their home into the sides of ravines or small hills

29. Stop and Think! • In what ways did government policies encourage settlement of the west? • What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800s?

30. New technologies • Wheat withstood drought better than any other crop • Steel-tipped plow- invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil • Mechanical reaper- Cyrus McCormick- increased speed of harvesting wheat • Barbed wire- prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off

31. Agricultural Education • Morrill Act (1862)- federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech)

32. Impact on Native Americans • 2/3 of Western tribal groups lived in the Great Plains including the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfoot and Comanche • Tribes developed lives that were distinctly tied to the open prairies of the Great Plains • As the frontier was taken over by white settlers, their land and freedom to live according to their traditions would be lost.

33. Natives and the Buffalo • With introduction of the horse in 1598, most native tribes abandoned farming villages and roam plains and hunt buffalo (nomadic) • Buffalo provided tribes with most of its basic needs: shelter, clothing, food, tools, toys, etc. • Buffalo also held spiritual significance

34. Political Agreements with Natives are Restricted • 1834, the federal gov’t passed an act that designated the entire Great Plains as one enormous reservation set aside for Native American tribes • With the increasing amounts of white settlers coming during Gold Rush and Homestead Act the gov’t attempted to create definitive boundaries for each tribe • Native groups refused to sign these agreements • Thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders began to settle on native land creating conflict and resulting in inevitable warfare

35. Stop and Think! • How did the government attempt to deal with the growing conflict between Native Americans and white settlers?

36. Sioux Wars against US Government • Conflict arises out of Sioux and other tribes refusal to lived restricted life on reservations We have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?

37. Custer’s Last Stand • After gold is discovered, people start flooding Montana, angering natives • Natives begin attacking military units in the area • George Armstrong Custer is sent to investigate the situation and are promptly defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn • Nation angered by loss, wants revenge and army is sent to lead continual raids on native villages until Sitting Bull is forced to surrender to prevent his people’s starvation

38. Debate over Native Treatment • Some citizens were angered over treatment of Native Americans • Helen Hunt Jackson writes a book in 1881, Century of Dishonor which exposes many of broken promises to Natives • “Supporters” of Native Americans begin promoting assimilation, a process that would force natives to give up their culture and become part of white culture

39. Dawes Act • Policy passed in 1887 with hopes of “civilizing” the Native Americans • Plan broke up reservations in 160 acre plots or less • US citizenship would be granted to those who stayed on land for 25 years and “adopted the habits of civilized life” • 47 million acres were distributed to Native Americans • 90 million acres that was often the best land was distributed to white settlers or businessmen

40. Failure of the Dawes Act • After being “educated”, children returned to reservations where skills were useless • Often caught in conflict between values of parents and values of teachers • Became outsiders on reservations • Still faced with discrimination in white world with “education” • By the turn of the century, disease and poverty reduced population to 200,000

41. Stop and Think! • What was the cause and consequences of the Battle of Wounded Knee?

42. Happy Wednesday!! • We are half way done with the school year!!! • Did you know: There are 1,860 steps to the top of the Empire State Building

43. Industrialization Growth of Industry

44. America Becomes an Industrial Giant • By 1900, the United States emerged as the leading industrial power in the world • Its manufacturing output exceeded that of its 3 largest rivals: Great Britain, France & Germany

45. Factors that influenced industrialization • Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber and oil • Abundant labor supply due to immigration • Advanced transportation network creates huge market for industrial goods • Development of innovations, laborsaving technologies, and talented entrepreneurs • Friendly government policies: • Laissez-faire (hands off) capitalism • Entrepreneurs received special favors from Congress to create new business

46. Major Innovations • Edwin Drake: Successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania making it practical • Bessemer Process: process by which air is injected into molten iron, which removed carbon and creates steel. • Steel is better product than iron since it is lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant • Steel would be used to create railroads, barbed wire enormous bridges skyscrapers, etc.

47. Major Innovations Cont. • Thomas Edison established the first research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ • Edison invents the light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power which completely changed society • Electric power began being used in businesses, in homes, transportations, and spurred numerous inventions of appliances • Manufacturers could put their plants wherever they want • Workers could work longer hours

48. Major Innovations Cont. • Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invent the telephone • Laid groundwork for worldwide communications network • Assembly-Line Manufacturing- Henry Ford- broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars • Other inventions: refrigerated railroad cars, typewriter, sewing machine, phonograph, motion pictures, dynamite, radio

49. Women in the Workplace • The inventions of the typewriter and telephone created new jobs for women • By 1910 women accounted for nearly 40% of the clerical workforce • Before industrialization, women sewed clothing by hand for their families • After industrialization clothing could be mass-produced in factories creating garment workers which were mainly women

50. First Big Business: Railroads • Railroad mileage increased from 35,000 in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900 • Early Railroads were often incompatible with each other • Cornelius Vanderbilt merged local railroads to create a unified system running from east to midwest. • West coast railroads would complete various transcontinental railroads which connected coast to coast