How Psychology Developed

1. How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes Personal Application

2. Cornell University 1891 University of Toronto 1890 Clark University 1889 Harvard University 1892 University of Wisconsin 1888 Wellesley College 1891 Stanford University 1893 University of Iowa 1890 Brown University 1892 University of Michigan 1890 University of Nebraska 1889 Yale University 1892 Columbia University 1890 Indiana University 1887 Princeton University 1893 University of Illinois 1892 University of Kansas 1889 Trenton State College 1892 University of Chicago 1893 University of Pennsylvania 1887 Johns Hopkins University 1883 Founded by students of Williams James Founded by students of G. Stanley Hall Catholic University 1891 Founded by students of Wilhelm Wundt Randolf Macon Women’s College 1893 Founded by Others How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

3. How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

4. Mary Whiton Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn Leta StetterHollingworth How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

5. Sigmund Freud G. Stanley Hall Carl Jung How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

6. Free Will = Illusion How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

7. John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Behavioral Perspective (1913 - Present) How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

8. Psychoanalytic Perspective (1900 - Present) Carl Jung Alfred Adler Sigmund Freud How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

9. Humanistic Perspective (1950s - Present) Abraham Maslow CarlRogers How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

10. Cognitive Perspective (1950s - Present) Noam Chomsky Herbert Simon Jean Piaget How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

11. Biological Perspective (1950s - Present) James Olds Roger Sperry David Hubel Torsten Weisel How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

12. Evolutionary Perspective (1980s - Present) David Buss Martin Daly Margo Wilson Leda Cosmides John Tooby How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

13. 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Cognitive School Flagship Articles with Keywords (%) Behavioral School Psychoanalytic School 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1996 Year How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

14. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1875 1920s 1933 First demonstration laboratories are set up independently by William James (at Harvard) and Wilhelm Wundt (at the University of Leipzig). 1908 Gestalt pychology nears its peak influence. Sigmund Freud’s influence continues to build as he publishes New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. 1879 1883 1914 - 1918 Margaret Washburn publishes The Animal Mind, which serves as an impetus for behaviorism. Wilhelm Wundt establishes first research laboratory in psychology at Leipzig, Germany. G. Stanley Hall establishes America’s first research laboratory in psychology at Johns Hopkins University. 1916 Widespread intelligence testing is begun by military during World War I. 1990s 1913 Late 1990s 2000 1963 2002 1947 1961-1964 1974 1956 1971 1954 1978 1953 1951 1988 1980s 1950 Early 1990s 1981 1909 1941 - 1945 Lewis Terman publishes Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which becomes the world’s foremost intelligence test. 1892 1914 1905 1890 1881 1904 Stanley Milgram conducts controversial study of obedience to authority, which may be the most famous single study in psychology’s history. Sigmund Freud’s increasing influence receives formal recognition as G. S. Hall invites Freud to give lectures at Clark University. Rapid growth in clinical psychology begins in response to huge demand for clinical services created by World War II and its aftermath. Kenneth and Mamie Clark publish work on prejudice that is cited in landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation. Erik Erikson writes Childhood and Society in which he extends Freud’s theory of Development across the life span. Carl Rogers helpslaunch humanistic movement with publication of Client-Centered Therapy. John B. Watson writes classic behaviorism manifesto, arguing that psychology should study only observable behavior. B. F. Skinner publishes his influential Science and Human Behavior, advocating radical behaviorism similar to Watson’s. Abraham Maslow’s Motivation and Personality helps fuel humanistic movement. The cognitive revolution is launched at watershed conference where Herbert Simon, George Miller, and Noam Chomsky report three major advances in just one day. Roger Sperry’s split-brain research and work by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel on how cortical cells respond to light help rejuvenate the biological perspective in psychology. Martin Seligman launches the positive psychology movement. The repressed memories controversy stimulates influential research by Elizabeth Loftus and others on the malleability and fallibility of human memory. Daniel Kahneman wins Nobel Prize (in economics) for his research on decision making. Herbert Simon wins Nobel prize (in economics) for research on cognition. Increased global interdependence and cultural diversity in Western societies spark surge of interest in how cultural factors mold behavior. Evolutionary psychology emerges as a major new theoretical perspective. Research psychologists form American Psychological Society (APS) to serve as an advocate for the science of psychology. Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin publish their landmark review of research on gender differences, which galvanizes research in this area. Eric Kandel wins Nobel Prize (in physiology and medicine) for his research on the biochemistry of memory. B. F. Skinner creates furor over radical behaviorism with his controversial book Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Roger Sperry wins Nobel prize (in physiology and medicine) for split-brain studies. Wilhelm Wundt establishes first journal devoted to research in psychology. William James publishes his seminal work, The Principles of Psychology. Ivan Pavlov shows how conditioned responses are created, paving the way for Stimulus response psychology. Leta Hollingworth publishes pioneering work on the psychology of women. Alfred Binet develops first successful intelligence test in France. G. Stanley Hall founds American Psychological Association. How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

15. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 APA Membership (thousands) Year How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

16. 4.2%Elementary and Secondary Schools 6.3%Business and Government 8.5%Other 19.4%Hospitals and Clinics 28.0%Colleges and Universities 33.6% Private Practice How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

17. 9.5%Physiological 10.3% Other 3.8%Psychometrics 10.6% Health 6.7%Cognitive 13.7% Educational 8.2%Experimental 16.1% Social 3.0%Personality 19.3% Developmental How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

18. 0.5%Forensic 0.6%Other 0.9%Clinical Neuropsychology 5.2% School 6.1%Industrial/Organizational 14.7% Counseling 72.1% Clinical How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

19. 1 Psychology is Empirical 2 Psychology is Theoretically Diverse 3 Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

20. 4 Behavior is Determined by Multiple Causes 5 Behavior is Shaped by Cultural Heritage 6 Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior 7 People’s Experience of the World is Highly Subjective How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

21. How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

22. 100 90 80 70 SuccessfulStudents 60 50 40 UnsuccessfulStudents 30 20 10 0 Always or Almost Always in Class Sometimes Absent Often Absent Performance of Students How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication

23. 55.2% Hurts Test Score 57.8% Wrong to Right 15.5% Improves Test Score 22.0% Wrong to Wrong 19.0% Don’t Know 10.3% No Change 20.2% Right to Wrong How Psychology Developed Psychology Today Seven Unifying Themes PersonalApplication