REPRODUKSI

1. REPRODUKSI KEMAMPUAN BERREPRODUKSI PROSES KEDEWASAAN & ADANYA RANGSANGAN AKTIVITAS REPRODUKSI & TANGGAPANNYA. TINGKAH LAKU REPRODUKSI KEADAAN HORMONAL &RANGSANGN SESORIS (PANCAINDERA) FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG. MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAH LAKU REPROD. ADALAH TERGANTUNG : 1. MEKANISME PERSYARAFAN 2. HORMONAL 3. PHEROMON (FEROMON) 4. MACAM RANGSANGAN YG. DITERIMA PANCAINDERA

2. REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR Related to the production of Offspring Including : Mating systems Courtship Sexual behavior Gestation Parturition The care of young

3. The end products of cycles of reproductive activities are viable, fertile offspring in turnwill produce and thus perpetuatethe species .

4. THE REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL REPRODUCTIVE Needs the establishment of : ?A situation favorable for reproduction and ?A complex set of behavioral adaptations ?Timing coordination and patterning of reproductive activity 1. Behavior leading to the union of male and female gametes 2. Behavior that facilitates or to ensure the survival and development of the young 3. The integration of both overt behavioral and internal physiological events in both male and female

5. STEREOTYPE BEHAVIOR The BH pattern related to reproduction tend to be relatively stereotyped within a species Diverse among different species (distant related sp) The social BH of pigs (in a breeding system) similar to a natural one Is very close to the BH observed in wild boars

6. MATING SYSTEM There are three types of mating system : Monogamy Polygamy Promiscuity --------------------------------------------- In generally the reproductive unit a single male and a single female The partners copulate only with each other There may be shares parental care There is some kind of prolonged par bond

7. MATING SYSTEM A prolonged association More than two individuals are involved in the relationship Can be observed in some species of birds and mammals There is no prolonged bond There are multiple matings by members of at least one of the sexes

8. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR(Observed in all sp and manifested in different ways)Animals choose specific posturesSome species attract their females with a mating call and birds (feathers become brighter)There are also differences in sexual activity as well as in the length of male copulationDifference in the mating and gestation period and number of young in one litter influence the specific development of BH connected with sexual activity

9. MATING SYSTEM Territoriality or dominance occurs in many of mating systems It may be occupied by a single individual (A bonded male – female pair, or larger group) The resident of a territory generally has privileged access to the resources on that territory A large territory ?diurnal

10. MATING SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORMate choice and then courtship are both essential to successful reproduction in animalsMate choice is an important function of courtship-----------------Females can benefit by mating with males :(1) that has good genes and or(2) that has the ability to accrue resources(3) Males forming prolonged pair bonds invest much(4) Males may exercise mate choice .

11. COURTSHIPA sequence of behavioral patterns that eventually may lead tocompleted matingFunctions :(1) Mate choice(2) Relates to synchronization?The viable sperm and eggs, male and female are in the appropriate state of readiness, and the environment is supportive of reproductive effort?The progressive interactive sequence of courtship episode allows for coordinated events to occur at times app.for successful reproduction-------------------------------------------Patterns of courtship are quite diverse among different speciesBut in general :Entail reciprocal signaling between male and femaleMany bouts of courtship break off without going to completed mating (due to choice of partners)

12. Table 2. Sexually dimorphic behaviors of dogs and catsBEHAVIOR MALE FEMALE Urine marking (frequent urination, directing urine at objects) X Lifting leg to urinate X Squatting to urinate X Urine spraying (vertical surface) X Roaming X Mounting other animals, people, inanimate objects X Aggression towards individuals of the same gender X Investigation of urine, hindquarters of individuals of opposite gender X Flagging, standing to be bred X Nesting and other maternal behaviors X 

13. BEHABIOR DURING GESTATION(Characteristic Behavior includes :)1. Isolation from the group and nest site seeking2. Nest building3. Farrowing4. Nest occupation5. Nest abandoment followed by social integration of piglets into the larger group of pigs6. Weaning

14. PRE PARTUM (Prior to birth or hatching)Parents may engage in behavioral patterns that will aid the young when they arriveThis may entail preparation of a burrow or nestProvision of stored foodAcquisition of other resourcesParental care esp. maternal care is highly developed in all species of mammals(Possess mammary glands for the nourishment of young)

15. CARE GIVING BEHAVIOR(Maternal behavior or maternal instinct)The way a mother or both parents behave towards their offspring and differs between animal speciesA lack of maternal behavior points to disturbances in female’s BH(largely affected by the out side environment)Suckling during the first 48 hr of their lives Finding their mother and foodAny object can be regarded as a mother when it emits warmth, is soft and foodSpecific condition can be created for newborns to maintain artificial breeding processes

16. Parental Investment(Any investment by the parent that increase the ability of young to survive and reproduce at some cost to the parenti.e. (1) Milk (cannot be shared, that which is given to one offspring only cannot be given to another)(2) Defense against predator is shareable(3) Prevented from engaging in other activities(searching for his or her own food or seeking additional mates)The females of most species display a higher of parental investment than malesIt generally agree that this gives rise to disparity between female and male reproductive strategies ---with males more often competing for access to female and females more choosy than male

17. Sheep Reproductive Behavior Breeding season ?Estrus cycle ?To be bred ?pregnancy? 16 days estrus cycle and 36 hr sexually receptive to the ram In heat ?seeking out and try to stay in the vicinity of the ram Little heat sign in the early estrus The estrus ewe urinate frequently (in particularly if the is investigating? she exhibit urination response) She may passively accept the attention of the ram (Turning her head to observe the ram activities, or ewe fans, wriggles her tail) As the estrus progresses ?ewe more active in courtship behavior At the peak ? sniff, lick, nuzzle the ram

18. The Sexual Behavior of The Ram The Flehmen Response --------------------------------------- The classic BH when it detects an estrus ewe ?is to lift it’s nose into air and curl its upper lip The response (FR) generally exhibited after smelling freshly excreted urine (but the FR is not considered to be a mean of sexually communication) It’s purpose is to detect the pheromones (sexual odor compound) in the urine Ram exhibit additional stereotypical pattern BH Foot stomping BH Lick ewe’s genitalia organ Frequently nudge the ewe There may be some grunting vocalization

19. Courtship BH (Ram) Ram tries to mount the ewe (may fail in several initial attempts) Teasing BH may last about 3 hr in a day When the tip of the penis achieve contact with the vulva mucosa insertion and ejaculation quickly follow The breeding may be repeated a number of time (ejaculate about 1 ml) If in case more than one ewe in heat at once Competition for the ram may occur and ewes may be seen to mill around the ram Ram may repeatedly mount one ewe ? exhaustion after 3 – 6 mounting The may recovery immediately if a new estrus is introduced Ram will tend to select older ewes