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Biology: EXPLORING lIFE

Chapter 1. Biology: EXPLORING lIFE. Why Biology?. Inquiry stems from natural curiosity about the world around us Limited by what we can observe and measure Biology is the study of life Understand your world Make informed decisions Understand significance of accomplishments.

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Biology: EXPLORING lIFE

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  1. Chapter 1 Biology: EXPLORING lIFE

  2. Why Biology? • Inquiry stems from natural curiosity about the world around us • Limited by what we can observe and measure • Biology is the study of life • Understand your world • Make informed decisions • Understand significance of accomplishments Global warming Duck-billed platypus Mimicry Swine flu virus

  3. The Case of the Missing Socks:A Case Study of the Scientific Process • Observation(s) • Natural phenomena detected by senses • Must be testable, reproducible, and falsifiable • Hypothesis • Educated guess to explain observation(s) • If … then statements • Testing/experimentation • Doesn’t prove correct, but not wrong • Requires: control and experimental groups, independent and dependent variables • Analysis/interpretation • Partial support • No support • Does support • Repetition • Larger samples • Change variables • Other scientists repeat results • Theory • Tested many times, but not yet disproved

  4. Limits to the Scientific Process • No absolute truths • Can’t address supernatural phenomena • Limited by current knowledge and understanding • Can’t answer moral or ethical questions • Limited by our fallibility

  5. Life Emerges As A Hierarchy • Emergent properties • Novel properties with each progression in the hierarchy • Reductionism • Reducing complex systems into simpler parts • Limited because life is an emergent property Organelles

  6. Life Interacts in the Environment • Multiple roles • Producers • Consumers • Decomposers • 2 major processes • Transfer of nutrients • Transfer of energy • Some lost as heat

  7. Cells are the Basic Units of Life Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Larger, more complex Nucleus and membrane bound organelles Plants, animals, and fungi • Smaller, less complex • No nucleus or membrane bound organelles • Bacteria

  8. Basics of All Cells • All cells have DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Inherited from parents • Directs proteins, the building blocks of life • Arrangement determines function • Similar to alphabet • Contributes to the diversity of life • All life forms use the same basic code • Can artificially create instructions when necessary

  9. Characteristics that Define Life • All living things … • Have organization • Regulate themselves • Metabolize • Grow • Reproduce • Respond • Adapt • Limitations exist

  10. Classifying Living Things • Life can have multiple types • Cats, fish, birds, trees, and bacteria • Taxonomy sorts and classifies • Nomenclature to identifiy specific organisms • Developed by Carolus Linnaeus • Binomial system- two parts to organisms name (Genus species) • Pantherapardus • Pantheraleo • Pantheratigris • Homo sapiens • Canisfamiliaris • Canis lupus

  11. Taxonomic Hierarchy Different Killer Penguins Crawl Over Frozen Glacial Shores Subheadings exist for all taxons

  12. Domains • Bacteria • Prokaryotes • Most diverse and wide spread • Most are singled-celled • Archaea • Prokaryotes • Live in extreme environments (extremophiles) • Eukarya • Eukaryotes • Multiple kingdoms • Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  13. The Theory of Evolution • On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859 • “Descent with Modification” • Evolution of ancestors into current species • Occurs through natural selection • Unequal reproductive fitness, not “survival of the fittest” • Facilitates evolutionary adaptation

  14. Examples of Selection • Natural selection • Peppered moth • Pre- and post-industrial England • Populations of light and dark moths changed • Antibiotic resistance • Importance of taking as prescribed and when necessary • Beta-lactams (penicillin and amoxicillin) are common examples • Artificial selection • Hybrid dogs • Humans are agents • Chosen for specific traits Labradoodle

  15. Types of Selection Natural Selection Artificial Selection Vegetables Hybrid dogs Humans are agents Dog breeds Human mating • Peppered moth • Antibiotic resistance • Kill some bacteria, but not all • Resistant survive & reproduce • Proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increase • Importance of taking antibiotics as perscribed • Importance of only taking when necessary • E.g. Penicillin, amoxicillin, etc.

  16. Science and Technology • Goals • Science = understand natural phenomenas; create discoveries • Technology = apply science for a purpose; create inventions • Mutualistic relationship • Scientific discoveries lead to new technology development while technology helps scientists in research • Pros vs Cons • Advances in technology vs environmental effects • How much information is too much? • Need for everyone to have a level of scientific knowledge so they can make informed decisions

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