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CHAPTER. 1. The Study of Body Function. Human Physiology. Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called? Physiology studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work?”

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  1. CHAPTER 1 The Study of Body Function

  2. Human Physiology Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called? Physiology studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work?” Pathophysiology: how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury Comparative Physiology: physiology of invertabrates

  3. Homeostasis

  4. Homeostasis A process by which a biological or mechanical system attempts to maintain stability while adjusting to changing conditions. • Deviation from homeostasis indicates disease. • Homeostasis is accomplished most often by negative feedback loops.

  5. Regulation of Homeostasis • Autoregulation (instrinsic regulation) - when a cell, tissue, organ, organ system adjusts automatically in response to environmental change. • Extrinsic regulation - adjustments made by either the nervous system or endocrine system. • The players - sensor, integrating center, effector Fig 1.3

  6. Negative vs. Positive Feedback Loops • Negative Feedback - Stimulus produces a response that opposes or eliminates the stimulus. • Positive Feedback - Stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in original conditions. • Most homeostatic regulation mechanisms involve negative feedback

  7. Negative Feedback Loops • Sensor: Detects deviation from set point • Integrating center: Determines response • Effector: Produces response Fig 1.1 & 1.2

  8. Antagonistic Effects • Homeostasis is often maintained by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions. • This maintains conditions within a certain normal range, or dynamic constancy. • When you are hot, you sweat; when you are cold, you shiver. These are antagonistic reactions. Fig 1.4

  9. Rare. It amplifies changes Positive feedback could not work alone, but it does contribute to many negative feedback loops. If a blood vessel is damaged, a process is begun to form a clot. Once the damage is fixed, clotting ends (negative feedback). However, the process of forming the clot involves positive feedback. In females it is used to create the LH surge that causes ovulation The strength of uterine contractions during childbirth is also regulated by a positive feedback loop. Positive Feedback

  10. Adjustments made by either the nervous system or endocrine system. Extrinsic regulation Fig 1.6

  11. Hormones control blood glucose levels Extrinsic regulation Fig 1.5

  12. Negative Feedback Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose Fig 1.7

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